Chapter 10: Infectious diseases

Web-based references relating to the number under the disk sign


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3 AJ McMichael 2006 Lancet 367 859. Climate change and human health: present and future risks [Link]; page 362

4 Elinor Moore 2006; HIV is changing the face of tropic medicine. BMJ 2006 333 1280 [Link]; page 363

5 Elinor Moore 2006; HIV is changing the face of tropic medicine. BMJ 2006 333 1280 [Link]; page 363

6 Gene expression in Eukaryotes [Link]; page 364

7 Types of bacteria: after Izabela Kurkiewicz; page [Link]; page 364, 430

8 Don Chamberlain. Woodrow Wilson Biology Institute.1995 Viruses and host evolution [Link]; page 364

9 Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. T Cavalier-Smith [Link]; page 364

10 Glossary of terms [Link]; page 364

11 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995 Mar 28;92(7):2421-3 Of archae and eo: what's in a name? [Link]; page 364

12 Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars among female prostitutes and non-prostitutes in Thailand, and non-prostitutes in Japan during the mid-90s. Author: Yamazaki T, Hagiwara T, Kishimoto T, Sasaki N, Takahashi S, Ishihara O, Wangroongsarb P, Kusum M, Sirivongrangsan P. Journal: Jpn J Infect Dis; 2005 Aug ; 58(4):211-3. PubMed ID: 16116252. [Link]; page 365

13 Chlamydiae: Yechiel Becker [Link]; page 365

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15 Enterovirus meningitis in Brazil, 1998-2003. Journal: J Med Virol; 2006 Jan ; 78(1):98-104. PubMed ID: 16299728. [Link]; page 366

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17 Medical Advis. Service for (uk) Travellers Abroad (020 7631 4408) provides detailed written travel advice for ~"5. Also try Healthline (0839337729), the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (0151 708 9393), and the Royal Geographical Society Expedition Advisory Centre, 1 Kensington Gore, London sw7 2ar; see also doh 1995 Health Information for Overseas Travel. [Link]; page 367

18 R Dawood Travellers' Health, oup; page 367

19 Cefepime: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Ceftazidime in Adult Patients; Cephalosporins in bone marrow transplant [Link]; page 368

20 Fourth generation cephalosporins in the antimicrobial chemotherapy of surgical infections. Author: Giamarellou H. Journal: J Chemother; 1999 Dec ; 11(6):486-93. PubMed ID: 10678790. [Link]; page 368

21 Link not available; page 368

22 Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2003); H Goto et al [Link]; page 368

23 Link not available; page 368

24 Antibiotic resistance in outpatient urinary isolates: final results from the North American Urinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance (NAUTICA). Author: Zhanel GG, Hisanaga TL, Laing NM, DeCorby MR, Nichol KA, Palatnik LP, Johnson J, Noreddin A, Harding GK, Nicolle LE, Hoban DJ, NAUTICA Group . Journal: Int J Antimicrob Agents; 2005 Nov ; 26(5):380-8. PubMed ID: 16243229. [Link]; page 368

25 [Resistance of catheter-associated urinary tract infections to antibacterials] Author: Verhaz A, Skrbic R, Rakita-Music M. Journal: Vojnosanit Pregl; 2005 Mar ; 62(3):181-7. PubMed ID: 15790045. [Link]; page 368

26 Link not available; page 368

27 Link not available; page 368

28 Comparison of antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates from Shanghai and Hong Kong. Author: Ling TK, Ying CM, Lee CC, Liu ZK. Journal: Med Princ Pract; 2005 Sep-Oct ; 14(5):338-41. PubMed ID: 16103700. [Link]; page 368

29 H Giamarellou 1999 J Chemother 11 486 [@10678790]; see also BNF 2000 ii 258; page 369

30 Changes in antibiotic resistance of the most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated in intensive care units. Author: Makedou KG, Tsiakiri EP, Bisiklis AG, Chatzidimitriou M, Halvantzis AA, Ntoutsou K, Alexiou-Daniel S. Journal: J Hosp Infect; 2005 Jul ; 60(3):245-8. PubMed ID: 15890431. [Link]; page 369

31 An evidence-based evaluation of important aspects of empirical antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients. Author: Glasmacher A, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Schulte S, Hahn C, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Prentice A. Journal: Clin Microbiol Infect; 2005 Oct ; 11 Suppl 5():17-23. PubMed ID: 16138815. [Link]; page 369

32 Biliary tract infections: a guide to drug treatment. Author: Westphal JF, Brogard JM. Journal: Drugs; 1999 Jan ; 57(1):81-91. PubMed ID: 9951953 [Link]; page 369

33 Link not available; page 371

34; page The reliability of the microscopic diagnosis of malaria in the field and in the laboratory. Author: Collier JA, Longmore JM. Journal: Ann Trop Med Parasitol; 1983 Apr ; 77(2):113-7. PubMed ID: 6192774. [Link]; page 373

35 Sensitivity of 93.3%, specificity 98.3%, a positive predictive value of 95.6%, and a negative predictive value of 97.4%"I Cropley 2000 BMJ ii 484 [Link]; page 373

36 Link not available; page 373

37 ; page Link not available; page 375

38 G Flaubert 1913 Dictionary of Received Ideas; page 376

39 P Chandrasekar 1994 Arch Int Med 154 841; page 376

40 P Chandrasekar 1994 Arch Int Med 154 841; page 376

41 Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. Author: Phongmany S, White NJ, Journal: Emerg Infect Dis; 2006 Feb ; 12(2):256-62. PubMed ID: 16494751 [Link]; page 376

42 J Drenth 2000 bmj i 1091 [Link]; page 376

43 Fever and thromboembolic disease in acute spinal cord injury. Author: Weingarden SI, Weingarden DS, Belen J. Journal: Paraplegia; 1988 Feb ; 26(1):35-42. PubMed ID: 3353124 [Link]; page 376

44 Multicentric Castleman's disease associated with glomerular microangiopathy and MPGN-like lesion: does vascular endothelial cell-derived growth factor play causative or protective roles in renal injury? Author: Seida A, Wada J, Morita Y, Baba M, Eguchi J, Nishimoto N, Okino T, Ichimura K, Yoshino T, Makino H. Journal: Am J Kidney Dis; 2004 Jan ; 43(1):E3-9. PubMed ID: 14712466 [Link]; page 376

45 Case 3-1998" A 31-Year-Old Woman with a Pleural Effusion, Ascites, and Persistent Fever Spikes Ellen E. Sheets [Link]; page 376

46 Visceral leishmaniasis. Author: Stefaniak J, Paul M, Kacprzak E, Skoryna-Karcz B. Journal: Przegl Epidemiol; 2003 ; 57(2):341-8. PubMed ID: 12910604. [Link]; page 376

47 Legionnaires' disease with severe hypoxemia and saddleback fever. Author: Shankar PS, Anderson CL, Scott JH. Journal: Postgrad Med; 1981 Apr ; 69(4):87-92. PubMed ID: 7010336. [Link]; page 376

48 H Horowitz 1998 Lancet 351 650; page 376

49 [Clinical-therapeutic considerations in a case of miliary tuberculosis in an indonesian girl] Author: Ajassa C, Angelici AM, Rendina E, Trinchieri V, Berardelli G, Bellagamba R, Catania N, Falciano M, Mascellino MT, Causo T. Journal: Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol; 1993 May-Aug ; 15(3-4):175-80. PubMed ID: 7761666. [Link]; page 376

50 Image of Roth spots courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 376

51 Jeffrey Dukes 2003. Burning buried sunshine; human consumption of ancient solar energy. [Link]; page 377

52 Microbial Threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response (2003) Board on Global Health (BGH), Institute of Medicine (IOM) pages 60, 79 and 83 [Link]; page 377

53 World sees an explosion in new infectious diseases By SETH BORENSTEIN Knight Ridder Newspapers [Link]; page 377

54 J Clin Virol 2003 Apr;26(3):265 Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia. Chua KB [Link]; page 377

55; page Origin and evolution of viruses: Escaped DNA/RNA sequences as evolutionary accelerators and natural biological weapons. Journal: Med Hypotheses; 2005 Aug 2 ; ():. PubMed ID: 16084025. [Link]; page 377

56 F Castelli 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 394; page 378

57; page [Changing patterns of communicable diseases in Korea] Author: Lim HS. Journal: J Prev Med Pub Health; 2005 May ; 38(2):117-24. PubMed ID: 16315747 [Link]; page 378

58 Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1995 Feb;9(1):145 Viral infections: alpha-viral arthropathy. McGill P [Link]; page 378

59 J Clin Microbiol 2002 Jul;40(7):2323 Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Drosten C [Link]; page 378

60 DI Simpson 1995 Lancet 345 1252; page 378

61 Illness after International Travel; page Edward T. Ryan, M.D., Mary E. Wilson, M.D., and Kevin C. Kain, M.D. NEJM 2002 [Link]; page 379

62 Image of Isospora belli courtesy of Donald Duszynski [personal communication: 20-09-2005]; page 379

63 Unsopulated I belli: acknowledgent: Prof S Upton, by kind permission [Link]; page 379

64 Duszynski, D.W., W.D. Wilson, S.J. Upton, and N.D. Levine. 1999. Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Primates and the Scandentia. International Journal of Primatology 20 (5): 761-797. [no medline link]; page 379

65 J Bartlett. The New Clostridium difficile "What Does It Mean? NEJM 2005 editorial [Link]; page 380

66 Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. Author: Macpherson CN. Journal: Int J Parasitol; 2005 Oct ; 35(11-12):1319-31. PubMed ID: 16102769. [Link]; page 380

67; page A possible role of crows in the spread of diarrhoeal diseases in Aden. Author: al-Sallami S. Journal: J Egypt Public Health Assoc; 1991 ; 66(3-4):441-9. PubMed ID: 1791416. [Link]; page 380

68 [Norovirus infections in Germany] Author: Koch J, Schneider T, Stark K, Schreier E. Journal: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz; 2006 Mar ; 49(3):296-309. PubMed ID: 16463050. [Link]; page 380

69 J Med Virol. 2001 Dec;65(4):644-8. Amendola A. Influenza vaccination of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative former intravenous drug users. [Link]; page 381

70 doh 2000; Communication ph6.3; page 382

71 Antiprotozoal Agents By Prof. A.H. Chishti [Link]; page 382

72 Antiprotozoal Agents By Prof. A.H. Chishti [Link]; page 382

73 H Gilles 1991 Management of Severe & Complicated Malaria, WHO; page 382

74 N White 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 436 & 1996 335 800; page 382

75 N Phu 1995 Tr R Soc Trop M Hy 89 200 We thank Professor Nick White for his help with this page; p564, and Cerebral Malaria, p808; page 382

76 Plasmodium ovale [no permission yet from CDC's Division of Parasitic Diseases (DPD) dpdx@cdc.gov [Coatney GR, Collins WE, Warren M, Contacos The Primate Malarias. Bethesda: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare; 1971.]; page [Link]; page 383

77 Image of vivax gametocyte supplied by author [JML]; Field's stain [author's technique] x 1000 The reliability of the microscopic diagnosis of malaria in the field and in the laboratory. Author: Collier JA, Longmore JM. Journal: Ann Trop Med Parasitol; 1983 Apr ; 77(2):113-7. PubMed ID: 6192774.; page 383

78 Image of Schner's dots courtesy of Prof S Upton, Kansas University [Link]; page 383

79 Plasmodium malariae ring form by kind permission of Prof S Upton [Link]; page 383

80 Falciparum Gametocytes--by kind permission of Prof S Upton Kansas University [Link]; page 383

81 Image of Ronald Ross by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kanas University [Link]; page 383

82 150mg chloroquine base = 250mg chloroquine phosphate (po) = 200mg chloroquine sulfate (iv).; page 384

83 Get expert help: tel 0151 7089393; page 384

84 Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Author: Omari AA, Gamble C, Garner P. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (4):CD005564. PubMed ID: 16235412. [Link]; page 384

85 Introducing FACT Project Two Fixed-Dose Combination Therapies Artesunate/ Amodiaquine and Artesunate/Mefloquine [Link]; page 384

86 rtemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Author: Omari A, Gamble C, Garner P, Omari A. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (4):CD005564. PubMed ID: 16235412. [Link]; page 384

87 NJ White 2006 Lancet 367 2075 [Link]; page 384

88 Atovaquone-proguanil for treating uncomplicated malaria. Author: Osei-Akoto A, Orton L, Owusu-Ofori S, Osei-Akoto A. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (4):CD004529. PubMed ID: 16235366. [Link]; page 384

89 P Duffy 2005 Lancet 366 1908 & Ronan Jambou 2005 Lancet 366 1960 [Link]; page 384

90 150mg chloroquine base = 250mg chloroquine phosphate (po) = 200mg chloroquine sulfate (iv).; page 384

91 phls 1997 Com Dis Rep Rev 7:R 137 & JB Lell 1998 Lancet 351 709; page 384

92 Link not available; page 384

93 Link not available; page 385

94 Link not available; page 385

95 1 J Sandford 2000 Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, 91 & 96 isbn 0-933775-43-1; page 385

96 Predictors of incident tuberculosis among HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Author: Venkatesh PA, Bosch RJ, McIntosh K, Mugusi F, Msamanga G, Fawzi WW. Journal: Int J Tuberc Lung Dis; 2005 Oct ; 9(10):1105-11. PubMed ID: 16229221. [Link]; page 386

97 Proportion of tuberculosis transmission that takes place in households in a high-incidence area. Author: Verver S, Warren RM, Munch Z, Richardson M, van der Spuy GD, Borgdorff MW, Behr MA, Beyers N, van Helden PD. Journal: Lancet; 2004 Jan 17 ; 363(9404):212-4. PubMed ID: 14738796. [Link]; page 386

98 The Lancet 2005; 365:1206-1209. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74788-7 Can DOTS control multidrug-resistant tuberculosis? Marcos A Espinal [Link]; page 386

99 British Thoracic Society Guidelines on Chemotherapy and Management of TB in the UK 1998 Thorax 53:536-548; page 387

100 For an excellent review of prophylaxis against TB and other diseases in HIV patients, see JA Kovacs 2000 NEJM 342: 1416; page 387

101 British Thoracic Society Guidelines on Chemotherapy and Management of TB in the UK 1998 Thorax 53:536-548; page 387

102 Comparison of diagnostic criteria of tuberculous meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children. Author: van der Weert EM, Hartgers NM, Schaaf HS, Eley BS, Pitcher RD, Wieselthaler NA, Laubscher R, Donald PR, Schoeman JF. Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2006 Jan ; 25(1):65-9. PubMed ID: 16395106. [Link]; page 387

103 Tuberculous meningitis with multiple intracranial tuberculomas mimicking neurocysticercosis clinical and radiological findings. Author: Oncul O, Baylan O, Mutlu H, Cavuslu S, Doganci L. Journal: Jpn J Infect Dis; 2005 Dec ; 58(6):387-9. PubMed ID: 16377875. [Link]; page 387

104 [ISONIAZID INDUCED NEUROPATHY: CONSIDER PREVENTION.] Journal: Rev Mal Respir; 2005 Nov 22 ; ():. PubMed ID: 16444133. [Link]; page 387

105 Effect of antituberculosis drug resistance on response to treatment and outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis. Author: Thwaites GE, Lan NT, Dung NH, Quy HT, Oanh do TT, Thoa NT, Hien NQ, Thuc NT, Hai NN, Bang ND, Lan NN, Duc NH, Tuan VN, Hiep CH, Chau TT, Mai PP, Dung NT, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Hien TT, Farrar JJ. Journal: J Infect Dis; 2005 Jul 1 ; 192(1):79-88. PubMed ID: 15942897. [Link]; page 387

106 NEJM 351 1741 2004 & GAT Sanford 2006 p 88 [Link]; page 387

107 Clinical and radiological features of symptomatic central nervous system tuberculomas. Author: Unal A, Sutlas PN. Journal: Eur J Neurol; 2005 Oct ; 12(10):797-804. PubMed ID: 16190918. [Link]; page 387

108 Management of intracranial pressure in tuberculous meningitis. Author: Murthy JM. Journal: Neurocrit Care; 2005 ; 2(3):306-12. PubMed ID: 16159082. [Link]; page 387

109 Link not available; page 387

110 Factors influencing the presentation and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in childhood. Author: Faella FS, Pagliano P, Attanasio V, Rossi M, Rescigno C, Scarano F, Conte M, Fusco U. Journal: In Vivo; 2006 Jan-Feb ; 20(1):187-91. PubMed ID: 16433051. [Link]; page 387

111 See GAT Sanford 2006 page 137 www.sanfordguide.com; page 387

112 Purpura fulminans in a child as a complication of chickenpox infection. Author: Campanelli A, Kaya G, Ozsahin AH, La Scala G, Jacquier C, Stauffer M, Boehlen F, de Moerloose P, Saurat JH. Journal: Dermatology; 2004 ; 208(3):262-4. PubMed ID: 15118384. [Link]; page 388

113 [Complications of chickenpox] Author: Arredondo JL, Mendoza E, Hern"ez M, Calder"n E. Journal: Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex; 1978 Jan-Feb ; 35(1):177-7. PubMed ID: 619925. Abstract: [Link]; page 388

114 [Acute cerebellar ataxia associated with infectious mononucleosis--a case report and review of the literature] Author: Yabuki S, Kazahaya Y, Ikeda K. Journal: No To Shinkei; 1983 Apr ; 35(4):337-42. PubMed ID: 6307327. [Link]; page 389

115 Bilateral facial nerve palsy associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection with a review of the literature. Author: Terada K, Niizuma T, Kosaka Y, Inoue M, Ogita S, Kataoka N. Journal: Scand J Infect Dis; 2004 ; 36(1):75-7. PubMed ID: 15000569. [Link]; page 389

116 Predictions and associations of fatigue syndromes and mood disorders that occur after infectious mononucleosis Peter D White,; page Janice M Thomas,; page Hillar O Kangro,; page William D A Bruce-Jones,; page et al. The Lancet. London: Dec 8, 2001.Vol.358, Iss. 9297;; page 1946 [Link]; page 389

117 A case of severe chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection with T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Author: Cho HS, Kim IS, Park HC, Ahn MJ, Lee YY, Park CK. Journal: Korean J Intern Med; 2004 Jun ; 19(2):124-7. PubMed ID: 15366645 [Link]; page 389

118 Link not available; page 389

119 Fatal hepatitis during Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. Author: Cacopardo B, Nunnari G, Mughini MT, Tosto S, Benanti F, Nigro L. Journal: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci; 2003 Jul-Aug ; 7(4):107-9. PubMed ID: 15068233. [Link]; page 389

120 Chronic interstitial lung disease with lung fibrosis in a girl: uncommon sequelae of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author: Ankermann T, Claviez A, Wagner HJ, Krams M, Riedel F. Journal: Pediatr Pulmonol; 2003 Mar ; 35(3):234-8. PubMed ID: 12567394. [Link]; page 389

121 Image of atypical lymphocytes in EBV infection, courtesy of Axel Schneider [Link]; page 389

122 Link not available; page 389

123 Gavin Spickett ID consulatant at Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, Pulse 2005 vol 65 [sept 3] no 34, p51 [Link]; page 389

124; page Lancet. 1982 Feb 20;1(8269):455. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as infectious mononucleosis with a false positive monospot test. Hendry BM, Longmore JM. [Link]; page 389

125 Link not available; page 389

126 Epstein-Barr viral load assessment in immunocompetent patients with fulminant infectious mononucleosis. Author: van Laar JA, Buysse CM, Vossen AC, Hj"arsson B, van Den Berg B, van Lom K, Deinum J. Journal: Arch Intern Med; 2002 Apr 8 ; 162(7):837-9. PubMed ID: 11926861 [Link]; page 389

127 Severe thrombocytopenia as a complication of acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author: Likic R, Kuzmanic D. Journal: Wien Klin Wochenschr; 2004 Jan 31 ; 116(1-2):47-50. PubMed ID: 15030124. [Link]; page 389

128 Epstein-Barr virus-associated familial Hodgkin lymphoma: paediatric onset in three of five siblings. Author: Kamper PM, Kjeldsen E, Clausen N, Bendix K, Hamilton-Dutoit S, d'Amore F. Journal: Br J Haematol; 2005 Jun ; 129(5):615-7. PubMed ID: 15916683 [Link]; page 389

129 [Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease] Author: Juffermans NP, Jager A, Kersten MJ, van Oers MH, Hommes DW. Journal: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd; 2005 Aug 13 ; 149(33):1859-63. PubMed ID: 16128185 [Link]; page 389

129 Link not available; page 389

130 Unusual evolution of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyosarcoma occurring after liver transplantation. Author: Brichard B, Smets F, Sokal E, Clapuyt P, Vermylen C, Cornu G, Rahier J, Otte JB. Journal: Pediatr Transplant; 2001 Oct ; 5(5):365-9. PubMed ID: 11560757 [Link]; page 389

131 Glomerulonephritis in a patient with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. Author: Kano K, Yamada Y, Sato Y, Arisaka O, Ono Y, Ueda Y. Journal: Pediatr Nephrol; 2005 Jan ; 20(1):89-92. PubMed ID: 15503175. [Link]; page 389

132 Virological and immunological characteristics of a 19-year-old Japanese female with fatal outcome with Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Author: Sato S, Kawashima H, Oshiro H, Hasegawa D, Kashiwagi Y, Takekuma K, Hoshika A. Journal: J Clin Virol; 2004 Nov ; 31(3):235-8. PubMed ID: 15465418. [Link]; page 389

133 EBV associated hemophagocytic syndrome accompanied by central pontine myelinolysis. Author: Uehara E, Tasaka T, Matsuhashi Y, Fujita M, Tamura T, Kuwajima M, Nagai M, Ishida T. Journal: Leuk Lymphoma; 2002 Oct ; 43(10):2047-50. PubMed ID: 12481907. [Link]; page 389

134 J Millar 2000 bmj ii 736 [Link]; page 390

135 J Millar 2000 bmj ii 736 [Link]; page 390

136 Bonten M 2006 bMJ 332 248 Antibiotics in pandemic flu &: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized adults and children without known risk factors. Author: Gorak EJ, Yamada SM, Brown JD. Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 1999 Oct ; 29(4):797-800. PubMed ID: 10589891 [Link]; page 390

137 Manufacturer's data (2000) & mist 1998 Lancet 352 1877; page 390

138 FDA considers Tamiflu safety in children. 18 November 2005; page [Link]; page 390

139 Jefferson T 2006; Antivirals for Influenza in healthy adults: systemic review. [Link]; page 390

140 Flu vaccination fact-sheet UK department of health 2005 [Link]; page 390

141 T Jefferson 2005 Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet 2005 366 1165 [Link]; page 390

142 Algorith for prescribing Oseltamivir for prophylaxis against influenza. DoH Feb 2006 after Emma Richardson at RT PCT [Link]; page 390

143 Effect of treatment with zinc gluconate or zinc acetate on experimental and natural colds. Author: Turner RB, Cetnarowski WE. Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 2000 Nov ; 31(5):1202-8. PubMed ID: 11073753 [Link]; page 390

144; page Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating the common cold. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author: Mossad SB, Macknin ML, Medendorp SV, Mason P. Journal: Ann Intern Med; 1996 Jul 15 ; 125(2):81-8. PubMed ID: 8678384 [Link]; page 390

145 KIEV, Dec 3 (Reuters); page [Link]; page 391

146 Use of masks by health-workers in flu pandemics: WHO; Nov 2005. [Link]; page 391

147 Image of influenza virus redrawn from Murphy, B.R. and Webster, R.G. (1996) Orthomyxoviruses. In: Fields Virology (Ed. B. N. Fields, K., D.M., Howley, P.M.) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 1353-1445. [Link]; page 391

148 Antigenaemia and antibody response to Toxoplasma gondii in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Author: Malla N, Sengupta C, Dubey ML, Sud A, Dutta U. Journal: Br J Biomed Sci; 2005 ; 62(1):19-23. PubMed ID: 15816207 [Link]; page 392

149; page [Congenital toxoplasmosis: possibilities for laboratory diagnosis] Author: Cerm"v", Pr"l P, Ryskov". Journal: Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol; 2005 Apr ; 54(2):75-7. PubMed ID: 16050546 [Link]; page 392

150 GATSanford 2000 page 90; page 392

151 GAT Sanford 2000 page 90; page 392

152 D Lowance nejm 1999 340 1462 [@10320384]; page 392

153 Image of toxoplama lifecycle redrawn from Fernando Monroy [Link]; page 393

154 J Flegr 1996 J Parasitology 113:49 [Link]; page 393

155 RE Holliman 1997 35:105 [Link]; page 393

156 Image of toxoplasma retinitis courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 393

157 Image of CMV retinitis courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 393

158 Image of congenital toxoplasmosis courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 393

159 ME Mailliard 2003 NEJM 348:848-850 [Link]?; page 394

160 H Yang 2002 NEJM 347:168-174 [Link]?; page 394

161 The HPA says 200,00 infections in England & Wales. Prof William Rosenberg says 466,000--but could be as high as 1 million. See Doctor 2006 4 April p 13 [no link]; page 394

162 E Jaeckel 2001 NEJM 345:1452; page [Link]?; page 394

163 MW Fried 2002 NEJM 347:975 [Link]?; page 394

164 Chronic hepatitis C in patients with HIV/AIDS: a new challenge in antiviral therapy. Journal: J Antimicrob Chemother; 2005 Nov 24 ; ():. PubMed ID: 16308419. [Link]; page 395

165 Relentless rise of Aids as HIV infections top 40m; Sam Lister [Link]; page 396

166 The incidence of new HIV infections in the UK was 4400 in 2001; this figure will rise as more infections are reported. See the full breakdown in the report link below: www.phls.org.uk/topics_az/hiv_and_sti/publications/hiv_annual_2002.pdf; page 396

167 HIV transmission among men who have sex with men through oral sex; V L Gilbart. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:324; page [Link]; page 396

168 Oral sex may be important risk factor for HIV infection; Scott Gottlieb. BMJ 2000;320:400 ( 12 February ); page [Link]; page 396

169 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a new rapid HIV diagnostic test kit that provides results with 99.6 percent accuracy in as little as 20 minutes. [Link]; page 396

170 Wright AA 2006 NEJM 354 448 Home Testing for HIV; page [Link]; page 396

171 In one study in Ugands, the time to death was 6.9yrs for subtype D, vs 8.8yrs for type A [Link]; page 396

172 Sources of AIDS awareness among women in India. Author: Pallikadavath S, Sreedharan C, Stones RW. Journal: AIDS Care; 2006 Jan ; 18(1):44-8. PubMed ID: 16282075. [Link]; page 396

173 AIDS activists take over Family Research Council to Protest Abstinence-Only Programs [Link]; page 396

174 Male Circumcision Thwarts HIV Infection. Jon Cohen. Science. Washington: Aug 5, 2005.Vol.309, Iss. 5736;; page 860, 1 pgs; page [Link]; page 396

175 Burden of diseases in poor resource countries: meeting the challenges of combating HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Author: Mhalu FS. Journal: Tanzan Health Res Bull; 2005 Sep ; 7(3):179-84. PubMed ID: 16941945. [Link]; page 397

176 Brit. Thoracic Soc. advice 1992 bmj i 1231; page 397

177 E Ong 1992 bmj i 1567; page 397

178 The Lancet 2006; 367:944-945; page DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68387-6 Safety, effectiveness, and outcomes of concomitant use of highly active antiretroviral therapy with drugs for tuberculosis in resource-poor settings. Prof Anthony D Harries [Link]; page 397

179 The Lancet 2006; 367:944-945; page DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68387-6 Safety, effectiveness, and outcomes of concomitant use of highly active antiretroviral therapy with drugs for tuberculosis in resource-poor settings. Prof Anthony D Harries [Link]; page 397

180 ED Chan 2002 BMJ 325:1282-1286 [Link]; page 397

181 E Ong 1992 bmj i 1567; page 397

182 G Yamey 2003 BMJ 326:606 [Link]; page 397

183 P Brown 2000 BMJ 320:821 [Link]; page 397

184 M Iseman 1993 NEJM 329: 784. See also: British Thoracic Society Guidelines for TB Treatment: Thorax 1998 53 536-48; page 397

185 A Catanzaro and P Wenger 1995 Lancet 345 204 & 235; page 397

186 For an excellent review of prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV, see JA Kovacs 2000 NEJM 342:1416 [Link]?; page 398

187 M Wafaa 2000 nejm 342 1085 [Link]; page 398

188 Effectiveness of twice-weekly pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine as primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with advanced HIV infection. Author: Sch"rmann D, Bergmann F, Albrecht H, Padberg J, W"nsche T, Gr"newald T, Sch"rmann M, Grobusch M, Vall"M, Ruf B, Suttorp N. Journal: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis; 2002 May ; 21(5):353-61. PubMed ID: 12072919. [Link]; page 398

189 JA Kovacs 2000 NEJM 324:1416 [Link]?; page 398

190 Hammer SM 2005 NEJM 353 1702 [Link]; page 399

191 Image of Pneumocystis carinii [fluorescent stain] x 400; courtesy of Subhash K. Mohan [Link]; page 399

192 Image of cryptococcus neoformans courtesy of Dr M McGinnis [Link]; page 399

193 Link not available; page 399

194 Link not available; page 399

195 Internat. aids soc & uk 1997 Guidelines"see P Easterbrook 1997 bmj ii 557; page 400

196 Link not available; page 401

197 Link not available; page 401

198 Reservoirs, sanctuaries, and residual disease: the hiding spots of HIV-1.; page Pomerantz RJ. HIV Clin Trials ; 4:137-43. [Link]; page 401

199 NEJM 2004M Greenberg. Resistence to enfuvirtide; page [Link]; page 401

200 The Lancet 2005; 366:549-555. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5. Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study. Ginger Lehrman [Link]; page 401

201 Link not available; page 401

202 Link not available; page 401

203 Total lymphocyte counts and ART in resource-limited settings. D Moore 2006 Lancet 366 1831. [Link]; page 401

204 Link not available; page 402

205 Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. Author: Gallant JE, DeJesus E, Arribas JR, Pozniak AL, Gazzard B, Campo RE, Lu B, McColl D, Chuck S, Enejosa J, Toole JJ, Cheng AK, Study 934 Group . Journal: N Engl J Med; 2006 Jan 19 ; 354(3):251-60. PubMed ID: 16421366. [Link]; page 402

206 Guidelines on when to start HIV therapy are constantly changing .For latest information, see British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines. www.bhiva.org; page 402

207 Recommended therapy is constantly changing. For the latest recommended combinations of antiretrovirals, see the latest British National Fomulary www.bnf.org; page 402

208 Emtricitabine, a New Antiretroviral Agent with Activity against HIV and Hepatitis B Virus. Author: Saag MS. Journal: Clin Infect Dis; 2006 Jan 1 ; 42(1):126-31. PubMed ID: 16323102. [Link]; page 402

209 S Walmsley 2002 NEJM 346:2039 [Link]?; page 402

210 S Piscitelli 2001 NEJM 344: 984 [Link]?; page 402

211 RJC Gilson 2001 BMJ 322:1160-1164 [Link]; page 402

212 Online HIV textbook: HIV medicine; Christian Hoffmann et al. 2005 [Link]; page 403

213 Treatment strategies for highly treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. Author: Luber AD. Journal: Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther; 2005 Oct ; 3(5):815-23. PubMed ID: 16207173. [Link]; page 403

214 Simplification therapy with once-daily didanosine, tenofovir and efavirenz in HIV-1-infected adults with viral suppression receiving a more complex antiretroviral regimen: final results of the EFADITE trial. Author: Barrios A, Negredo E, Domingo P, Estrada V, Labarga P, Asensi V, Morales D, Santos J, Clotet B, Soriano V, EFADITE Study Group . Journal: Antivir Ther; 2005 ; 10(7):825-32. PubMed ID: 16312178. [Link]; page 403

215 Lancet 2005 ; Maintaining anti-AIDS commitment post '3 by 5'. Nov 26 366 205 [Link]; page 403

216 BBC item: Kenya struggles to combat HIV [Link]; page 403

217 Lancet 2005 p 891 &: A prospective survey of the outcome of pregnancy in a rural area of the Gambia. Author: Greenwood AM, Greenwood BM, Bradley AK, Williams K, Shenton FC, Tulloch S, Bypass P, Oldfield FS. Journal: Bull World Health Organ; 1987 ; 65(5):635-43. PubMed ID: 3501343 [Link]; page 403

218 Health protection agency [Link]; page 404

219 D Scholes 1996 NEJM 334:1362; page 404

220 Link not available; page 404

221 Lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis: An emerging sexually transmitted disease in HIV-positive men in the Netherlands. Author: Perenboom RM. Journal: Drugs Today (Barc); 2006 Mar ; 42 Suppl A():43-5. PubMed ID: 16683043. [Link]; page 404

222 Link not available; page 405

223 Health Protection Agency [Link]; page 405

224 Final draft review 2 (Chlamydial infection screening) [Link]; page 405

225 Image of Trichomonas vaginalis courtesy of Prof S Upton, Kansas University [Link]; page 406

226 An Atlas of Bedside Microscopy; JM Longmore RGGP; page [Link]; page 406

227 Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2002. Author: Fenton KA, Ison C, Johnson AP, Rudd E, Soltani M, Martin I, Nichols T, Livermore DM, GRASP collaboration . Journal: Lancet; 2003 May 31 ; 361(9372):1867-9. PubMed ID: 12788575. [Link]; page 407

228 One study in Chicargo fount time in hospital increased by 3-fold (to 14.3 days); death rate 11% [No Link: LT 9/8/2005 20]; page 408

229 Link not available; page 408

230 Image of streptococcal lymphangitis in a diabetic patient courtesy of Prof David Handley [Link]; page 408

231 Supplied by Prof RL Vollum to Churchill, and thence USA, thence Iraq [batch 14578] [No link--see The Times for Aug 9th 2005 p19 col 1]; page 409

232 S Antoniu 2000 Lancet 356 664; page 409

233 S Tabaqchali 1997 Lancet 350 1644; page 409

234 Dose not in bnf, see N Beeching Infectious Diseases 1994 Wolfe; page 409

235 Increased reports of suspected cases of wound botulism among injecting drug users during 2004. Current Issue: Volume 15 Number 27 Published on: 7 July 2005 [Link]; page 409

236 F Charlton 1994 bmj i 1060; page 409

237; page Changes in antibiotic resistance of the most common Gram-negative bacteria isolated in intensive care units. Author: Makedou KG, Tsiakiri EP, Bisiklis AG, Chatzidimitriou M, Halvantzis AA, Ntoutsou K, Alexiou-Daniel S. Journal: J Hosp Infect; 2005 Jul ; 60(3):245-8. PubMed ID: 15890431 [Link]; page 410

238 Link not available; page 410

239 D Dennis 1994 bmj ii 893; page 410

240 G Luzzi 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hy 87 138; page 410

241 GAT(Sanford) 2003 and PIDJ (1998) 17:447; page 410

242 Resurgence of pertussis in Europe. Author: Celentano LP, Massari M, Paramatti D, Salmaso S, Tozzi AE, EUVAC-NET Group . Journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2005 Sep ; 24(9):761-5. PubMed ID: 16148840. [Link]; page 410

243 See FE Udwadia 2003 in Oxford Textbook of Medicine (4th Ed), OUP, p545; page 411

244 doh 1996; the 65-yr booster is not doh advice, but is reckoned cost-effective ($4527/life saved vs $8000/life saved for hypertension screening"C Bowman 1996 Lancet 348 1664; this regimen may still be inadequate for some"R Sehgal 1997 Lancet 349 573); page 412

245 For an excellent review of typhoid fever, see CM Parry 2002 NEJM 347:1770 [Link]?; page 412

246 Image of opisthotonus in tetanus. Courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Copyright-free [Link]; page 413

247 G Rabbani 2000 nejm 342 345 & Cholera Group 1993 Lancet 342 387 & S Gore 1992 bmj i 287 Pre-cooked, pre-packaged hydrolysed rice-based fluid is available.; page 414

248 See Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy (2003) p12; page 414

249 M Levine 1997 Lancet 349 220, 231; page 414

250 WHO epidemiological data on Leprosy [Link]; page 414

251 Secret of ancient Athens plague is being unraveled [Link]; page 415

252 Pericles oration--Thucydides; page [Link]; page 415

253 K Meeran 1989 bmj i 364; page 416

254 mf Waters 1993 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 500; page 416

255 D Lockwood 2002 BMJ 324:1516; page [Link]; page 416

256 DermRounds [Link]; page 417

257 For a review of Lyme disease, see AC Steere 2001 NEJM 345:115; page 418

258 DA Warrell 'Other borrelia infections' in Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4th Ed OUP 2002 www.oup.co.uk; page 418

259 Image of T pallidum courtesy of Prof Steven R. Spilatro; Ohio [Link]; page 419

260 2004 figures for STI: [Link] [Link]; page 419

261 The re-emergence of syphilis in the United Kingdom: the new epidemic phases. Author: Simms I, Fenton KA, Ashton M, Turner KM, Crawley-Boevey EE, Gorton R, Thomas DR, Lynch A, Winter A, Fisher MJ, Lighton L, Maguire HC, Solomou M. Journal: Sex Transm Dis; 2005 Apr ; 32(4):220-6. PubMed ID: 15788919. [Link]; page 419

262 No link available; page 419

263 Nodular secondary syphilis [Link]; page 419

264 No link available; page 420

265 No link available; page 420

266 No link available; page 420

267 No link available; page 420

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293 No link available; page 426

294 No link available; page 426

295 Chemotherapy of trypanosomiases and leishmaniasis. Author: Croft SL, Barrett MP, Urbina JA. Journal: Trends Parasitol; 2005 Nov ; 21(11):508-12. PubMed ID: 16150644 [Link]; page 426

296 No link available; page 426

297 A Stich 'Human African Trypnosomiasis' in Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4th Ed, OUP 2002 www.oup.co.uk; page 426

298 L. donovani image by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kansas University; page [Link]; page 427

299 No link available; page 427

300 No link available; page 427

301 D Sacks 1995 Lancet 345 959; page 427

302 S Sundar 1998 BMJ i 563 4 J Rosenblatt 1999 Mayo Clin Proc 74 1161 [@10560606]; page 427

303 GATSandford 2000 98 & S Teklemariam 1994 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 334; page 427

304 GATSandford 2000 98 & S Teklemariam 1994 Tr Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 334; page 427

305 J Rosenblatt 1999 Mayo Clin Proc 74 1161 [@10560606]; page 427

306 Treatment is with intravenous voriconazole (two doses of 6 mg per kilogram of body weight on day 1, then 4 mg per kilogram twice daily for at least seven days) followed by 200 mg orally twice daily. See; page R Herbrecht 2002 NEJM 347:408-415 [Link]?; page 427

307 No link available; page 428

308 No link available; page 428

309 Aspergillus brain abscess in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia successfully treated with voriconazole. Author: Wandroo F, Stableforth P, Hasan Y. Journal: Clin Lab Haematol; 2006 Apr ; 28(2):130-3. PubMed ID: 16630219. [Link]; page 428

310 J Lipman 1997 bmj i 266; page 428

311 No link available; page 428

312 No link available; page 429

313No link available; page 429

314 No link available; page 429

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322 No link available; page 430

323 No link available; page 430

324 Image of Ascaris lumbricoides worm kindly supplied by prof S Upton of Kansas University. The worm measured nearly 18 cm (7 inches) in length; and is a male, as it has a hooked tail.; page [Link]; page 430

325 No link available; page 43027

326 Dracunculiasis eradication: the final inch. Author: Hopkins DR, Ruiz-Tiben E, Downs P, Withers PC, Maguire JH. Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg; 2005 Oct ; 73(4):669-75. PubMed ID: 16222007. [Link]; page 430

327 No link available; page 431

328 P Sapak 2000 P N G Med J 43:213 (Medline 11939303); page 431

329 No link available; page 427

330 A trial of antiparasitic treatment to reduce the rate of seizures due to cerebral cysticercosis. Author: Garcia HH, Pretell EJ, Gilman RH, Martinez SM, Moulton LH, Del Brutto OH, Herrera G, Evans CA, Gonzalez AE, Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2004 Jan 15 ; 350(3):249-58. PubMed ID: 14724304. [Link]; page 432

331 No link available; page 432

332 Image of entire hydatid worm (Echinococcus) by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kansas University. [Link]; page 432

333 No link available; page 432

334 Image of S mansoni male on female, mating, and eggs of S. mansoni (sublateral spine) and S. haematobium (terminal spine) by kind permission of Prof S Upton of Kansas University [Link]; page 433

335 Artemether as adjuvant therapy to praziquantel in murine Egyptian schistosomiasis mansoni. Author: Mahmoud MR, Botros SS. Journal: J Parasitol; 2005 Feb ; 91(1):175-8. PubMed ID: 15856895. [Link]; page 433

336 Clonorchis sinensis. Permission from; page Pro Upton for all eds [Link]; page 433

337 eMedicine Mycobacterium marinum infection of the skin 2005 [Link]; page 434

338 Pasteurella multocida pneumonia in an adolescent with duchenne's muscular dystrophy following exposure to his helper dog; page Fida Bacha,; page Joseph B Domachowske. Clinical Pediatrics. Glen Head: Mar 2001.Vol.40, Iss. 3;; page 159, 3 pgs; page ; page [Link]; page 434

339 Riley PL, Chomel BB. Hedgehog zoonoses Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Jan [Link]; page 434

340 Pasteurella multocida respiratory infection: An important cat-associated zoonosis Ryland P Byrd Jr,; page Thomas M Roy. Archives of Internal Medicine. Chicago: May 26, 2003.Vol.163, Iss. 10; 1239 [Link]; page 435

341 Pasteurella multocida meningitis: case report and review of the literature.; page Author: O'Neill E, Moloney A, Hickey M.; page Journal: J Infect; 2005 May ; 50(4):344-5. PubMed ID: 15845433. [Link]; page 435

342 Cutaneous protothecosis: Report of the second Brazilian case; page Ivonise Follador,; page Achillea Bittencourt,; page Fernanda Duran,; page Maria Das Gracas Araujo. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo: Sep/Oct 2001.Vol.43, Iss. 5;; page 287, 4 pgs; page [Link]; page 435

343 eMedicine 2004-5 [Link]; page 435

344 Rothia dentocariosa, endocarditis and mycotic aneurysms: case report and review of the literature. Author: Boudewijns M, Magerman K, Verhaegen J, Debrock G, Peetermans WE, Donkersloot P, Mewis A, Peeters V, Rummens JL, Cartuyvels R. Journal: Clin Microbiol Infect; 2003 Mar ; 9(3):222-9. PubMed ID: 12667255 [Link]; page 435

345 A Man With a Reddish Stained Washcloth Kaare Weismann,; page Anne-Grethe Poulsen,; page Alice-Friis M"ller,; page Takasi Kobayashi. Archives of Dermatology. Chicago: Jun 2005.Vol.141, Iss. 6;; page 795; page [Link]; page 435

Web-based references relating to the disc signs in footnotes, organised by page number

Vincent A. Fischetti Ph.D.Biography of Rebecca Craighill Lancefield (1895-1981) [Link]; page 365

Effect of nitazoxanide in diarrhea and enteritis caused by Cryptosporidium species. Author: Rossignol JF, Kabil SM, el-Gohary Y, Younis AM. Journal: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2006 Mar ; 4(3):320-4. PubMed ID: 16527695. [Link]; page 380

Artesunate vs quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomized trial. N White Lancet 2005 366 717. Nickw@tropmedres.ac htt://www.thelancet.com; page 385

Current issues in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection. Author: Newell ML. Journal: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 2006 Jan ; 100(1):1-5. PubMed ID: 16214193 [Link]; page 400

S Chang 2003 NEJM 348 1342 [?no link]; page 408

Dulce et decorum est [Link]; page 415

J Snow 1854 Med Times Gaz 9 321, quoted by H Brody 2000 Lancet 356 64 [Link]; page 415

R Cooter 2006 Lancet 367 1648 & The Medical Detective: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera, Sandra Hempel, Granta Books, 2006. [Link]; page 415

Atypical American visceral leishmaniasis caused by disseminated Leishmania amazonensis infection presenting with hepatitis and adenopathy. Author: Aleixo JA, Nascimento ET, Monteiro GR, Fernandes MZ, Ramos AM, Wilson ME, Pearson RD, Jeronimo SM. Journal: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 2006 Jan ; 100(1):79-82. PubMed ID: 16198385. [Link]; page 427

J Sotelo 2003 BMJ 326 511 Neurocysticercosis. Eradication of cysticercosis is an attainable goal [Link]; page 432