Chapter 11: Orthopaedics and trauma

Web-based references relating to the number under the disk sign

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8 Shoulder joint image. Redrawn by Newgen [Link]; page 663

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11 Rotator cuff tear redrawn by Newgen [Link]; page 664

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18 J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1994 Jan;2(1):1-8. Jobe FW. Lateral and Medial Epicondylitis of the Elbow. [Link]; page 666

19 J Hand Surg [Br]. 2000 Oct;25(5):442-4. Rajesh KR. Severe Dupuytren's contracture of the proximal interphalangeal joint: treatment by two-stage technique. [Link]; page 668

20 Acta Orthop Belg. 2000 Oct;66(4):363-7. Gundes H. Prognosis of wrist ganglion operations. [Link]; page 668

21 J Hand Surg [Br]. 2001 Jun;26(3):258-60. Lane LB. Treatment of de Quervain's disease:role of conservative management. [Link]; page 668

22 Chirurg. 1996 Jul;67(7):740-3 (German). Wetterkamp D. [Surgical treatment and results of healing of de Quervain stenosing tenovaginitis] [Link]; page 668

23 Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1998 Feb 28;142(9):457-9 (Dutch). van Ijsseldijk AL. [Topical corticosteroid injection for 'trigger finger': good short-term results, but fairly high risk of recurrence] [Link]; page 668

24 J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2001 Jul-Aug;9(4):246-52. Saldana MJ. Trigger digits: diagnosis and treatment. [Link]; page 668

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26 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Oct;81(10):1367-83. McMaster MJ. Natural history of congenital kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis. A study of one hundred and twelve patients. [Link]; page 672

27 Spine. 1999 Sep 1;24(17):1820-32. Gibson JN. The Cochrane review of surgery for lumbar disc prolapse and degenerative lumbar spondylosis. Medline abstract, 40 trails [Link]; page 674

28 CAUDA EQUINA DISORDERS [Link]; page 675

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30 Br J Gen Pract. 1995 Sep;45(398):456-7. Hemingway H. Bad backs, good policy? [Link]; page 676

31 N Engl J Med. 1995 Feb 9;332(6):351-5. Malmivaara A. The treatment of acute low back pain--bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity? Medline abstract, N=52 [Link]; page 676

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33 J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986 Jun;9(2):99-113. Bronfort G. Chiropractic treatment of low back pain: a prospective survey. [Link]; page 676

34 Fairbank J 2005 BMJ (330) 1220, 1233, 1239 [Link]; page 676

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36 BMJ 1997;314:1639 Editorial. Why does acute back pain become chronic? [Link]; page 677

37 Neurol India. 2000 Jun;48(2):132-9. Jain AK. Correlation of clinical course with magnetic resonance imaging in tuberculous myelopathy. [Link]; page 678

38 Hip movements [Link]; page 680

40 Peter Kellermann Hip movements [Link]; page 681

41 J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997 Nov;79(6):979-82. Futami T. Different methods of treatment related to the bilateral occurrence of Perthes' disease. [Link]; page 682

42 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993 Aug;75(8):1134-40. Loder RT. Acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the importance of physeal stability. [Link]; page 682

43 J Pediatr Orthop. 1987 May-Jun;7(3):283-7. Dreghorn CR. Slipped upper femoral epiphysis--a review of 12 years of experience in Glasgow (1972-1983). [Link]; page 682

44 Clinical screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in Northern Ireland. Author: Maxwell SL, Ruiz AL, Lappin KJ, Cosgrove AP. Journal: BMJ; 2002 Apr 27 ; 324(7344):1031-3. PubMed ID: 11976249 [Link]; page 684

45 Knee anatomy image redrawn by Newgen [Link]; page 687

46 Skeletal Radiol. 1996 Nov;25(8):727-32. Chondromalacia patellae: an in vitro study. Comparison of MR criteria with histologic and macroscopic findings. van Leersum M. [Link]; page 688

47 Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. (Chinese) 1996 Apr;18(2):156-60. Selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using electrical stimulator for chondromalacia patella. Guo K. [Link]; page 688

48 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Apr;76(4):573-8. Painful bipartite patella. A new approach to operative treatment. Ogata K. [Link]; page 688

49 Ugeskr Laeger. 2000 Aug 21;162(34):4523-5. (Danish) Acute and chronic patella dislocations. Therapeutic strategies in Danish orthopedic departments. Johannsen HG [Link]; page 688

50 Am J Knee Surg. 1999 Spring;12(2):99-108. Patellar tendonitis and anterior knee pain. Duri ZA. [Link]; page 688

51 Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1981 Jun;6(2):76-80. Iliotibial tract friction syndrome in athletes. McNicol K. [Link]; page 688

52 Radiol Med (Torino). 1998 Apr;95(4):278-85. Hoffa's disease of the adipose pad: magnetic resonance versus surgical findings. Morini G. [Link]; page 688

53 n=796. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Apr 1;116(7):535-9. Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Felson DT. [Link]; page 689

55 N=98. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Mar;42(3):475-82. Effects of joint lavage and steroid injection in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Ravaud P. [Link]; page 689

56 J Chard at www.clinicalevidence.org [Link]; page 689

57 7 trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002823. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for knee osteoarthritis. Osiri M. [Link]; page 689

58 J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Aug;82(6):795-800. Meta-analysis of thromboembolic prophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. Westrich GH. [Link]; page 689

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60 Am J Sports Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;28(5):683-6. Tudisco C. Arthroscopic treatment of lateral meniscal cysts using an outside-in technique. [Link]; page 690

61 J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000 Jun;23(5):347-51. Tatum R. Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: a radiology case report. [Link]; page 690

62 Radiol Clin North Am. 1999 Jul;37(4):679-90. Bianchi S. Detection of loose bodies in joints. [Link]; page 690

63 Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17(5):400-2. Hammoudeh M. Intra-articular tophus presenting as a loose body. [Link]; page 690

64 Z Rheumatol. 1991 Mar-Apr;50(2):109-13 (German). Bolten W. [Felbinac gel for treatment of localized extra-articular rheumatic diseases--a multicenter, placebo controlled, randomized study] [Link]; page 690

65 Foot Ankle Int. 2000 Jun;21(6):478-81. Black PR. The Viladot implant in flatfooted children. [Link]; page 692

66 Dr Emma Lackey & Mr Ron Sutton 2004 GP for 3 Dec 2004 page 53. [Link]; page 692

67 eMedicine Bunions [Link]; page 693

68 J Foot Ankle Surg. 1999 May-Jun;38(3):203-7. Fox IM. The crescentic first metatarsal basilar osteotomy for correction of metatarsus primus varus. [Link]; page 694

69 Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1997 Nov;29(6):307-13 (German). Heymanns M. [Outcome of treatment of ingrown toe nails in the child] [Link]; page 694

70 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001541. Rounding C. Surgical treatments for ingrowing toenails. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 694

71 Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 Mar;12(2):131-42. Wu KK. Morton neuroma and metatarsalgia. [Link]; page 694

72 BMJ. 1997 Jul 19;315(7101):172-5. Singh D. Fortnightly review. Plantar fasciitis. [Link]; page 694

73 J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1999 Jul;89(7):364-7. Karr JC. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of heel pain. [Link]; page 694

74 Eekhof, Just A. 2005 Minor Ailments in Primary Care. Elsevier / Butterworth-Heinemann, 0-7506-8837-8 [Link]; page 694

75 Foot Ankle Int. 2003 Feb;24(2):147-57. Operative repair of fourth and fifth toe corns. Coughlin MJ, Kennedy MP. Boise, ID [Link]; page 694

76 Redrawn by Newgen from 'The foot clinic' [Link]; page 695

77 Indian J Pediatr. 1998 May-Jun;65(3):461-4. Narang A. Bone and joint infection in neonates. [Link]; page 696

78 Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1997 May 9;122(19):610-4 (German). Hemmen T. [Costosternal swelling and diffuse bone pain in tubercular osteomyelitis] [Link]; page 696

79 J Clin Oncol. 2000 Sep;18(17):3108-14. Cotterill SJ. Prognostic factors in Ewing's tumor of bone: analysis of 975 patients from the European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study Group. Medline abstract, n=975 [Link]; page 698

80 Lancet. 1997 Sep 27;350(9082):900-1. Blum RH. Simplified vs complex adjuvant chemotherapy schedule for osteosarcoma. [Link]; page 698

81 Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999 Jul;11(3):270-7. Somers J. Chondroma and chondrosarcoma. [Link]; page 698

82 Malignant histiocytosis of bone [Link]; page 698

83 Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2000 Nov;86(7):684-93 (French). Jeanrot C. [Sacral chordoma: retrospective review of 11 surgically treated cases] [Link]; page 698

84 N Engl J Med. 1977 Jun 30;296(26):1517-8. Carney JA. The triad of gastric leiomyosarcoma, functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma. [Link]; page 699

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86 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):668-73. McCormick C. The putative tumor suppressors EXT1 and EXT2 form a stable complex that accumulates in the Golgi apparatus and catalyzes the synthesis of heparan sulfate. [Link]; page 700

87 J Laryngol Otol. 1999 Sep;113(9):861-4. Ahmed SK. Is Ollier's disease an understaging of Maffucci's syndrome? [Link]; page 700

88 Mol Med Today. 1999 Nov;5(11):481-6. McCormick C. New perspectives on the molecular basis of hereditary bone tumours. [Link]; page 701

89 Curr Opin Pediatr. 1999 Feb;11(1):70-5. Ali RM. Scheuermann's kyphosis. [Link]; page 702

90 J Pediatr Orthop. 1995 Sep-Oct;15(5):596-8. Borges JL. Kohler's bone disease of the tarsal navicular. [Link]; page 702

91 Link no longer available; page 704

92 Link no longer available; page 704

93 J Pediatr Orthop. 1995 May-Jun;15(3):292-7. Flowers MJ. Tibial tuberosity excision for symptomatic Osgood-Schlatter disease. [Link]; page 704

94 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Dec;60(8):1113-6. Medlar RC. Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. Its etiology and natural history. [Link]; page 704

95 J Pediatr Orthop. 1987 Jan-Feb;7(1):34-8. Micheli LJ. Prevention and management of calcaneal apophysitis in children: an overuse syndrome. [Link]; page 704

96 Am J Sports Med. 2000 Jul-Aug;28(4):534-7. Kiyoshige Y. Closed-Wedge osteotomy for osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. A 7- to 12-year follow-up. [Link]; page 704

97 Orthopade. 2000 May;29(5):380-8 (German). Kramer J. [Diagnostic imaging in femur head necrosis] [Link]; page 704

98 Cancer. 2000 Oct 1;89(7):1482-9. Kozuch P. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with interferon-alpha: a synergistic correlation? [Link]; page 704

99 Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2000 Jun;14(2):399-414. Pavelka K. Osteonecrosis. [Link]; page 704

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101 Am J Surg. 2002 Jan;183(1):75-9. Bach CM. Intrapelvic complications after total hip arthroplasty failure. [Link]; page 706

102 National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty. [Link]; page 706

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104 J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Nov;78(6):863-70. Murray DW. Thromboprophylaxis and death after total hip replacement. [Link]; page 706

105 N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 1;345(18):1305-10. Bauer KA. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery. [Link]; page 706

106 J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995 Jan;77(1):3-5. Murray DW. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis and total hip replacement. [Link]; page 706

107 Public Health Rep. 1977 Jul-Aug;92(4):315-21. Gibson G. Evaluative measures and data collection methods for emergency medical services systems. [Link]; page 707

108 Clin Orthop. 1999 Dec;(369):139-43. Callaghan JJ. One-stage revision surgery of the infected hip. A minimum 10-year followup study. [Link]; page 707

109 Public Health Rep. 1977 Jul-Aug;92(4):315-21. Gibson G. Evaluative measures and data collection methods for emergency medical services systems. [Link]; page 707

110 Public Health Rep. 1977 Jul-Aug;92(4):315-21. Gibson G. Evaluative measures and data collection methods for emergency medical services systems. [Link]; page 707

111 Acta Orthop Scand. 1999 Apr;70(2):163-9. Persson U. The economics of preventing revisions in total hip replacement. [Link]; page 707

112 Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jun;61(6):493-8. Swan A. The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a literature survey. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 708

113 BMJ. 1993 Nov 20;307(6915):1329-30. Jones A. Importance of placement of intra-articular steroid injections. [Link]; page 708

114 Synovial fluid [Link]; page 709

115 Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jun;61(6):493-8. Swan A. The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a literature survey. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 709

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117 Blunt and penetrating injuries caused by rubber bullets during the Israeli-Arab conflict in October, 2000: a retrospective study. Author: Mahajna A, Aboud N, Harbaji I, Agbaria A, Lankovsky Z, Michaelson M, Fisher D, Krausz MM. Journal: Lancet; 2002 May 25 ; 359(9320):1795-800. PubMed ID: 12044373 [Link]; page 712

118 Clin Orthop. 2002 Jul(400):190-200. Bhandari M. Treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a systematic overview and metaanalysis. [Link]; page 712

119 J Med Liban. 1999 Sep-Oct;47(5):313-6 (French). Chamseddine A. [Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon. Apropos of a case of a hemodialysis patient with hyperparathyroidism and review of the literature] [Link]; page 712

120 J Orthop Trauma. 1998 May;12(4):273-9. Konrath GA. Outcomes following repair of quadriceps tendon ruptures. [Link]; page 712

121 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001554. Marshall S. Local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. [Link]; page 714

122 Int Orthop. 1994 Oct;18(5):268-70. Younge DH. The radial tunnel syndrome. [Link]; page 714

123 Nervenarzt. 1995 Aug;66(8):614-7 (German). Antoniadis G. [Meralgia paraesthetica and its surgical treatment] [Link]; page 714

124 Mil Med. 2000 Mar;165(3):240-2. Togrol E. Bilateral peroneal nerve palsy induced by prolonged squatting. [Link]; page 714

125 J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002 Jan;57(1):M47-51. Sicard-Rosenbaum L. Gait, lower extremity strength, and self-assessed mobility after hip arthroplasty. Medline abstract, n=30 [Link]; page 717

126 [No abstract] Lancet. 1995 Apr 22;345(8956):1048."> [Link]; page 724

127 Failure of aggressive therapy to alter outcome in pediatric near-drowning. Author: Spack L, Gedeit R, Splaingard M, Havens PL. Journal: Pediatr Emerg Care; 1997 Apr ; 13(2):98-102. PubMed ID: 9127416. [Link]; page 724

128 [No abstract] Lancet. 1995 Apr 22;345(8956):1048 Accidental hypothermia. Mair P [Link]; page 724

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130 [No abstract] Drowning statistics [Link]; page 725

131 J Trauma. 1997 Dec;43(6):985-7. Klofas E. A quicker saphenous vein cutdown and a better way to teach it. [Link]; page 726

132 Radiology. 1999 Jul;212(1):117-25. Blackmore CC. Cervical spine screening with CT in trauma patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis. [Link]; page 726

133 Use of local anesthetic drugs in hospital practice. Kelly DA, Henderson AM. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed); 1983 Jun 4 ; 286(6380):1784. PubMed ID: 6407566 [Link]; page 729

134 Burns. 1999 May;25(3):262-4. Evolution of the Emergency Management of Severe Burns (EMSB) course in the UK. Stone CA [Link]; page 730

135 Scott P 2005 Lancet 366 788 [Link]; page 731

136 Injury. 1998 Mar;29(2):131-3. Pinney SJ. Fat embolism syndrome in isolated femoral fractures: does timing of nailing influence incidence? [Link]; page 732

137 Unfallchirurg. 2000 Oct;103(10):812-9 (German). Krimmer H. [Scaphoid fractures--diagnosis, classification and therapy] [Link]; page 733

138 TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC MANDIBULAR FRACTURES Philip A. Matorin, MD [Link]; page 733

139 J Thorac Imaging. 2000 Jan;15(1):71-4. Heyneman LE. Pulmonary nodules in early fat embolism syndrome: a case report. [Link]; page 736

140 Br J Surg. 2002 Apr;89(4):397-412. Tiwari A. Acute compartment syndromes. [Link]; page 736

141 Neurology. 2002 Feb 26;58(4):522-6. van de Beek WJ. Diagnostic criteria used in studies of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 737

142 Med J Malaysia. 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:52-8. Yusof A. Displaced supracondylar fracture of humerus in children--comparative study of the result of closed and open reduction. [Link]; page 740

143 Am J Orthop. 1999 Nov;28(11):659-62. Safran O. Surgical treatment of intercondylar fractures of the humerus in adults. [Link]; page 740

144 Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120(5-6):336-7. Taha AM. The treatment of pulled elbow: a prospective randomized study. [Link]; page 740

145 J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1998 Jan-Feb;6(1):15-23. Cohen MS. Acute elbow dislocation: evaluation and management. [Link]; page 740

146 Injury. 2000 Nov;31(9):687-92. Ray PS. Total elbow arthroplasty as primary treatment for distal humeral fractures in elderly patients. [Link]; page 740

147 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 May;83-A(5):735-40. Operative treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The consequences of pin placement. Skaggs DL [Link]; page 741

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149 Clin Orthop. 1998 Aug;(353):53-62. Rodriguez-Merchan EC. Management of comminuted fractures of the distal radius in the adult. Conservative or surgical? [Link]; page 742

150 J Accid Emerg Med. 1997 Nov;14(6):352-6. Kendall JM. Haematoma block or Bier's block for Colles' fracture reduction in the accident and emergency department--which is best? [Link]; page 742

151 Doctor, can I drive with this plaster? An evidence based response. Author: Blair S, Chaudhri O, Gregori A. Journal: Injury; 2002 Jan ; 33(1):55-6. PubMed ID: 11879834 [Link]; page 742

152 J Hand Surg [Br]. 1994 Jun;19(3):373-7. Timmenga EJ. Long-term evaluation of Bennett's fracture. A comparison between open and closed reduction. [Link]; page 742

153 Percutaneous screw fixation or cast immobilization for nondisplaced scaphoid fractures. Author: Bond CD, Shin AY, McBride MT, Dao KD. Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am; 2001 Apr ; 83-A(4):483-8. PubMed ID: 11315775 [Link]; page 742

153 Percutaneous Screw Fixation or Cast Immobilization for Nondisplaced Scaphoid Fractures; Bond et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am.2001; 83: 483 [Link]; page 742

154 J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000 May-Jun;8(3):170-9. Shin AY. Lunotriquetral instability: diagnosis and treatment. [Link]; page 742

155 Hand Clin. 1998 Nov;14(4):567-78. Boles SD. Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis. [Link]; page 744

156 Hand Clin. 2000 Feb;16(1):67-72. Allan CH. Functional results of primary nerve repair. [Link]; page 744

157 Orthopade. 2000 Mar;29(3):216-27 (German). Brug E. [Flexor and extensor tendon injuries of the hand] [Link]; page 744

158 J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994 Nov-Dec;33(6):605-9. Pauers RS. Low pressure pneumatic tourniquets: effectiveness at minimum recommended inflation pressures. [Link]; page 745

159 Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1988 Mar;5(2):143-50. Laurence AS. Serum myoglobin following tourniquet release under anaesthesia. [Link]; page 745

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161 J Hand Surg [Br]. 2000 Jun;25(3):258-61. Lundeen JM. Clinical results of intraarticular fractures of the base of the fifth metacarpal treated by closed reduction and cast immobilization. [Link]; page 746

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165 Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2001 Jun;35(3):205-11. Al Rifaei M. Urethral injury secondary to pelvic fracture: anatomical and functional classification. [Link]; page 748

166 Acad Radiol. 2000 May;7(5):317-24. Pao DM. Utility of routine trauma CT in the detection of bladder rupture. [Link]; page 748

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168 Am Surg. 2000 Aug;66(8):735-8. Allen CF. Management guidelines for hypotensive pelvic fracture patients. Medline abstract, n=660 [Link]; page 749

169 Chir Ital. 1998;50(5-6):61-71 (Italian). Garbuglia A. [Severe pelvic injuries: indications and techniques of skeletal fixation] [Link]; page 749

170 Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1998 Dec 11;110(23):834-40 (German). Pajenda GS. [Concomitant intra-abdominal injuries in pelvic trauma] [Link]; page 749

171 Surgery. 2000 Oct;128(4):678-85. Pereira SJ. Dynamic helical computed tomography scan accurately detects hemorrhage in patients with pelvic fracture. [Link]; page 749

172 Am Surg. 1998 Sep;64(9):862-7. Bassam D. A protocol for the initial management of unstable pelvic fractures. [Link]; page 749

173 J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000 Sep;82(7):937-41. Parker MJ. The management of intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. [Link]; page 750

174 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD000337. Parker MJ. Conservative versus operative treatment for hip fractures. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 750

175 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD000522. Parker MJ. Osteotomy, compression and reaming techniques for internal fixation of extracapsular hip fractures. [Link]; page 750

176 Clin Orthop. 2000 Aug;(377):84-91. Cornwall R. Nerve injury in traumatic dislocation of the hip. [Link]; page 750

177 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976 Jun;58(4):453-8. Gustilo RT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. [Link]; page 751

178 [Selected as the best paper in the 1990s] Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of tai chi and computerized balance training. Author: Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T, Atlanta FICSIT Group .Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc; 2003 Dec ; 51(12):1794-803. PubMed ID: 14687360. [Link]; page 751

180 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001255. Parker MJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 751

181 Sci Am. 2000 Dec;283(6):102-4. Carlson S. Calibrating with cold. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 751

182 Appl Microbiol. 1975 Oct;30(4):584-8. Newman JS. Gas chromatographic presumptive test for coliform bacteria in water. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 751

183 J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000 Nov-Dec;8(6):364-72. Woo SL. Healing and repair of ligament injuries in the knee. [Link]; page 752

184 Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2000 May;8(2):243-70. Rubin DA. Current concepts and controversies in meniscal imaging. [Link]; page 752

185 Magn Reson Imaging. 1999 Sep;17(7):947-5 Medial tibial pain: a dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI study--Mattila KT [Link]; page 752

186 Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2002;69(5):312-6. Occult bone trauma detected by magnetic resonance imaging. Drugova B [Link]; page 752

187 Arthroscopy. 2002 Oct;18(8):935-8. Serious consequences of the wrong diagnosis of meniscal lesion in a case of stress fracture of the distal femur--Huber W [Link]; page 752

188 Am J Knee Surg. 1995 Summer;8(3):114-6. Prince AR. Arthroscopic treatment of an avulsion fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. Case report. [Link]; page 752

189 Radiographics. 2000 Oct;20 Spec No:S135-51. Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury--Sanders TG [Link]; page 753

190 Courtesy of Hollis M. Fritts.MD"> [Link]; page 753

191 Clin J Sport Med. 2000 Oct;10(4):291-6. Verhagen EA. The effect of preventive measures on the incidence of ankle sprains. [Link]; page 754

192 Orthopedics. 2000 Jul;23(7):687-90. Babis GC. Operative treatment for Maisonneuve fracture of the proximal fibula. Medline abstract, n=26 [Link]; page 754

193 Int J Trauma Nurs. 2000 Oct-Dec;6(4):133-6. Patterson M. Lisfranc's or tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation. [Link]; page 754

194 AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 Dec;173(6):1673-7. Preidler KW. Conventional radiography, CT, and MR imaging in patients with hyperflexion injuries of the foot: diagnostic accuracy in the detection of bony and ligamentous changes. [Link]; page 754

195 Acta Orthop Belg. 1997 Jun;63(2):82-90. Mulier T. The treatment of Lisfranc injuries. [Link]; page 754

196 Unfallchirurg. 1999 Mar;102(3):152-66 (German). Thermann H. [Treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures in adults. A treatment algorithm] [Link]; page 754

197 Clin Orthop. 1989 Jun;(243):195-9. Tountas AA. Occult fracture-subluxation of the midtarsal joint. [Link]; page 754

198 Rev Prat. 1997 Jan 1;47(1):50-5 (French). Marcelli C. [Fatigue fractures of the foot] [Link]; page 754

199 Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1999 Oct 16;143(42):2097-101 (Dutch). van Dijk CN. [CBO-guideline for diagnosis and treatment of the acute ankle injury. National organization for quality assurance in hospitals] [Link]; page 755

200 Orthopade. 1999 Jun;28(6):476-82 (German). Wulker N. [Lateral ankle ligament rupture. When is surgical management indicated and when conservative therapy preferred?] [Link]; page 755

201 Clin J Sport Med. 1999 Jan;9(1):40-5. Frost SC. Is stress radiography necessary in the diagnosis of acute or chronic ankle instability? Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 755

202 Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1998;87(4):311-6. Ahmad MA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and injured lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle. [Link]; page 755

203 Orthopade. 1999 Jun;28(6):476-82 (German). Wulker N. [Lateral ankle ligament rupture. When is surgical management indicated and when conservative therapy preferred?] [Link]; page 755

204 [Injury. 1998 Oct;29(8):577-80 (English), Kennedy JG. An evaluation of the Weber classification of ankle fractures.] [Link]; page 755

205 [Injury 1997;28 Suppl 1:A42-7 (English), discussion A47-8. Helfet DL Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the tibia.] [Link]; page 755

206 CG4 Head injury: Triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in infants, children and adults - NICE guideline [Link]; page 756

207 Link no longer available; page 758

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209 Spine. 2000 Jul 15;25(14):1782-7. Rosenfeld M. Early intervention in whiplash-associated disorders: a comparison of two treatment protocols. [Link]; page 758

210 Ann Surg. 2000 May;231(5):689-700. McCarter FD. Institutional and individual learning curves for focused abdominal ultrasound for trauma: cumulative sum analysis. [Link]; page 761

211 Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999 Nov;28(6):805-9. Yeo A. Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST). [Link]; page 761

212 J Trauma. 2000 Sep;49(3):505-10. Ochsner MG. Significance of minimal or no intraperitoneal fluid visible on CT scan associated with blunt liver and splenic injuries: a multicenter analysis. Medline abstract, n=938 [Link]; page 761

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214 Hand neuroanatomy [Link]; page 762

215 Sensory relearning after nerve repair. Author: Lundborg G, RosŽn B. Journal: Lancet; 2001 Sep 8 ; 358(9284):809-10. PubMed ID: 11564490 [Link]; page 763

216 Hand anatomy [Link]; page 764

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218 Radiology. 1999 Jul;212(1):117-25. Blackmore CC. Cervical spine screening with CT in trauma patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis. [Link]; page 768

219 Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25. Spinal-cord injury. McDonald JW [Link]; page 768

219 The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury (Cochrane Review) [Link]; page 768

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221 Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25. McDonald JW. Spinal-cord injury. [Link]; page 774

222 Am J Psychother. 1994 Spring;48(2):208-20. Gunther MS. Countertransference issues in staff caregivers who work to rehabilitate catastrophic-injury survivors. [Link]; page 775

223 J Sex Marital Ther. 1975 Summer;1(4):312-8. Miller DK. Sexual counseling with spinal cord-injured clients. [Link]; page 775

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226 J Sex Marital Ther. 2001 Oct-Dec;27(5):615-23. Tepper MS. Women with complete spinal cord injury: a phenomenological study of sexual experiences. [Link]; page 775

227 Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1992 Aug;71(4):225-31. White MJ. Sexual activities, concerns and interests of men with spinal cord injury. [Link]; page 775

228 Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1983;9:189-94. Sjogren K. The sexual experience in younger males with complete spinal cord injury. [Link]; page 775

229 Ann Neurol. 2001 Jan;49(1):35-44. Sipski ML. Sexual arousal and orgasm in women: effects of spinal cord injury. [Link]; page 775

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Web-based references relating to the disc signs in footnotes, organised by page number

Exacerbating cervical spine injury by applying a hard collar [Link]; page 658

Spine. 2000 Sep 15;25(18):2326-32. Wiley JW. Effectiveness of the boston brace in treatment of large curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. [Link]; page 672

A population based historical cohort study of the mortality associated with nabumetone, Arthrotec, diclofenac, and naproxen. Author: Ashworth NL, Peloso PM, Muhajarine N, Stang M. Journal: J Rheumatol; 2004 May ; 31(5):951-6. PubMed ID: 15124256 [Link]; page 676

Link no longer available; page 682

Ann Rheum Dis. 2000 Dec;59(12):936-44. EULAR recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Pendleton A. [Link]; page 689

Link no longer available; page 693

Link no longer available; page 693

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Radiol Clin North Am. 1993 Mar;31(2):237-59. Giudici MA. Cartilaginous bone tumors. [Link]; page 700

N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):156. Adler RH. The stethoscope as a diagnostic aid in tenosynovitis. [Link]; page 712

[Link]; page 724

CMAJ. 2002 Feb 19;166(4):437-41. Busse JW. The effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy on time to fracture healing: a meta-analysis. [Link]; page 732

H Boxma 1996 E-BM 1 208 [No link]; page 736

MRI for physicists [Link]; page 752

A fourth type of brachial plexus injury: middle lesion (C7). Author: Brunelli GA, Brunelli GR. Journal: Ital J Orthop Traumatol; 1992 ; 18(3):389-93. PubMed ID: 1308885. [Link]; page 766

Priapism--pathogenesis and therapy] Tscholl R. Schweiz Med Wochenschr; 1975 Apr 26 ; 105(17):517-21. PubMed ID: 1098140 [Link]; page 769

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Restoring function after spinal cord injury. Author: Becker D, Sadowsky CL, McDonald JW.Journal: Neurologist; 2003 Jan ; 9(1):1-15. PubMed ID: 12801427 [Link]; page 773

Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25. McDonald JW. Spinal-cord injury. [Link]; page 773