Web-based references relating to the number under the disk sign
201 The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a lit-erature survey. Author: Swan A, Amer H, Dieppe P. Journal: Ann Rheum Dis; 2002 Jun ; 61(6):493-8. PubMed ID: 12006320.
[Link]; page 708
202 BMJ. 1993 Nov 20;307(6915):1329-30. Jones A. Importance of place-ment of intra-articular steroid injections.
[Link]; page 708
203 Reliability of common knee injection sites with low-volume injections. Author: Wind WM, Smolinski RJ. Journal: J Arthroplasty; 2004 Oct ; 19(7):858-61. PubMed ID: 15483801.
[Link]; page 708
204 Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Jun;61(6):493-8. Swan A. The value of synovial fluid assays in the diagnosis of joint disease: a literature survey. Medline ab-stract, meta-analysis
[Link]; page 709
205 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 709
206 Evaluation and treatment of metastases to the humerus. Author: Fras-sica FJ, Frassica DA. Journal: Clin Orthop Relat Res; 2003 Oct ; (415 Suppl):S212-8. PubMed ID: 14600613.
[Link]; page 709
207 The topics on osteoporosis and prevention of fractures covered by NICE are given at
[Link]; page 709
208 Corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain. Author: Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003 ; (1):CD004016. PubMed ID: 12535501.
[Link]; page 710
209 Local steroid injections for tennis elbow: does the pain get worse be-fore it gets better?: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Author: Lewis M, Hay EM, Paterson SM, Croft P. Journal: Clin J Pain; 2005 Jul-Aug ; 21(4):330-4. PubMed ID: 15951651.
[Link]; page 710
210 Mobilisation with movement and exercise, corticosteroid injection, or wait and see for tennis elbow: randomised trial. Author: Bisset L, Beller E, Jull G, Brooks P, Darnell R, Vicenzino B. Journal: BMJ; 2006 Nov 4 ; 333(7575):939. PubMed ID: 17012266.
[Link]; page 710
211 Reproduced by kind permission from M Crawley. Br J Hosp Med 11 747; no link available; page 711
212 Interventions for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Author: Khan RJ, Fick D, Brammar TJ, Crawford J, Parker MJ. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004 ; (3):CD003674. PubMed ID: 15266495.
[Link]; page 712
213 [Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous rupture of the quadriceps tendon. Apropos of a case of a hemodialysis patient with hyperparathyroidism and review of the literature] Author: Chamseddine A, Jawish R, Aftimos G, Abiad R. Journal: J Med Liban; 1999 Sep-Oct ; 47(5):313-6. PubMed ID: 10887537.
[Link]; page 712
214 J Orthop Trauma. 1998 May;12(4):273-9. Konrath GA. Outcomes fol-lowing repair of quadriceps tendon ruptures.
[Link]; page 712
215 Image © OUP; no link available; page 713
216 Image © OUP; no link available; page 713
217 Diagnostic precision of ultrasonography in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Author: Keles I, Karagülle Kendi AT, Aydin G, Zög SG, Orkun S. Journal: Am J Phys Med Rehabil; 2005 Jun ; 84(6):443-50. PubMed ID: 15905658.
[Link]; page 714
218 MR nerve imaging in a prospective cohort of patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. Author: Jarvik JG, Yuen E, Haynor DR, Bradley CM, Fulton-Kehoe D, Smith-Weller T, Wu R, Kliot M, Kraft G, Wang L, Erlich V, Heagerty PJ, Franklin GM. Journal: Neurology; 2002 Jun 11 ; 58(11):1597-602. PubMed ID: 12058085.
[Link]; page 714
219 Local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Author: Mar-shall S, Tardif G, Ashworth N. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2000 ; (4):CD001554. PubMed ID: 11034724.
[Link]; page 714
220 Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. Au-thor: Verdugo RJ, Salinas RS, Castillo J, Cea JG. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003 ; (3):CD001552. PubMed ID: 12917909.
[Link]; page 714
221 Outcomes of endoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for car-pal tunnel syndrome among employed patients: randomised controlled trial. Author: Atroshi I, Larsson GU, Ornstein E, Hofer M, Johnsson R, Ranstam J. Journal: BMJ; 2006 Jun 24 ; 332(7556):1473. PubMed ID: 16777857.
[Link]; page 714
222 Int Orthop. 1994 Oct;18(5):268-70. Younge DH. The radial tunnel syn-drome.
[Link]; page 714
223 Laparoscopic transperitoneal versus extraperitoneal inguinal hernia re-pair: a prospective clinical trial. Author: Van Hee R, Goverde P, Hendrickx L, Van der Schelling G, Totté E. Journal: Acta Chir Belg; 1998 Jun ; 98(3):132-5. PubMed ID: 9689974.
[Link]; page 714
224 Meralgia paraesthetica and its surgical treatment Author: Antoniadis G, Braun V, Rath S, Moese G, Richter HP. Journal: Nervenarzt; 1995 Aug ; 66(8):614-7. PubMed ID: 7566273.
[Link]; page 714
225 Bilateral peroneal nerve palsy induced by prolonged squatting. Author: Togrol E. Journal: Mil Med; 2000 Mar ; 165(3):240-2. PubMed ID: 10741091.
[Link]; page 714
226 Image courtesy of Dr Tom Turmezei; no link available; page 715
227 See
[Link]; page 716
228 See
[Link]; page 716
229 See
[Link]; page 717
230 J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002 Jan;57(1):M47-51. Sicard-Rosenbaum L. Gait, lower extremity strength, and self-assessed mobility after hip arthroplasty. Medline abstract, n=30
[Link]; page 717
231 The safety of single-physician procedural sedation in the emergency department. Author: Hogan K, Sacchetti A, Aman L, Opiela D. Journal: Emerg Med J; 2006 Dec ; 23(12):922-3. PubMed ID: 17130600.
[Link]; page 718
232 Suspected GHB overdoses in the emergency department. Author: Couper FJ, Thatcher JE, Logan BK. Journal: J Anal Toxicol; 2004 Sep ; 28(6):481-4. PubMed ID: 15516299.
[Link]; page 720
233 Prophylactic antibiotics in chest trauma: a meta-analysis of high-quality studies. Author: Sanabria A, Valdivieso E, Gomez G, Echeverry G. Journal: World J Surg; 2006 Oct ; 30(10):1843-7. PubMed ID: 16983475.
[Link]; page 722
234 Guidelines for essential trauma care, WHO, 2004.
[Link]; page 723
235 Mortality Country Fact Sheet; USA; WHO, 2006.
[Link]; page 723
236 A quicker saphenous vein cutdown and a better way to teach it. Au-thor: Klofas E. Journal: J Trauma; 1997 Dec ; 43(6):985-7. PubMed ID: 9420119.
[Link]; page 724
237 Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Author: Roberts I, Alderson P, Bunn F, Chinnock P, Ker K, Schierhout G. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004 ; (4):CD000567. PubMed ID: 15495001.
[Link]; page 724
238 Cervical spine screening with CT in trauma patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
[Link]; page 725
239 Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Author: Roberts I, Alderson P, Bunn F, Chinnock P, Ker K, Schierhout G. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004 ; (4):CD000567. PubMed ID: 15495001.
[Link]; page 725
240 Institutional and individual learning curves for focused abdominal ultra-sound for trauma: cumulative sum analysis. Author: McCarter FD, Luchette FA, Molloy M, Hurst JM, Davis K, Johannigman JA, Frame SB, Fischer JE. Journal: Ann Surg; 2000 May ; 231(5):689-700. PubMed ID: 10767790.
[Link]; page 727
241 Focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST). Author: Yeo A, Wong CY, Soo KC. Journal: Ann Acad Med Singapore; 1999 Nov ; 28(6):805-9. PubMed ID: 10672392.
[Link]; page 727
242 Emergency ultrasound-based algorithms for diagnosing blunt abdominal trauma. Author: Stengel D, Bauwens K, Sehouli J, Rademacher G, Mutze S, Ekkernkamp A, Porzsolt F. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (2):CD004446. PubMed ID: 15846717.
[Link]; page 727
243 Significance of minimal or no intraperitoneal fluid visible on CT scan associated with blunt liver and splenic injuries: a multicenter analysis. Au-thor: Ochsner MG, Knudson MM, Pachter HL, Hoyt DB, Cogbill TH, McAuley CE, Davis FE, Rogers S, Guth A, Garcia J, Lambert P, Thomson N, Evans S, Balthazar EJ, Casola G, Nigogosyan MA, Barr R.
[Link]; page 727
244 Open or closed diagnostic peritoneal lavage for abdominal trauma? A meta-analysis. Author: Hodgson NF, Stewart TC, Girotti MJ. Journal: J Trauma; 2000 Jun ; 48(6):1091-5. PubMed ID: 10866256.
[Link]; page 727
245 CG4 Head injury: Triage, assessment, investigation and early manage-ment of head injury in infants, children and adults - NICE guideline downloadable from
[Link]; page 728
246 Diffuse axonal injury in traumatic brain injury
[Link]; page 729
247 See the article on DAI from eMedicine @
[Link]; page 729
248 Magnetic resonance in moderate and severe head injury: comparative study of CT and MR findings. Characteristics related to the presence and location of diffuse axonal injury in MR Author: Lagares A, Ramos A, Alday R, Ballenilla F, Pérez-Nuńez A, Arrese I, Alén JF, Pascual B, Kaen A, Gómez PA, Lobato RD. Journal: Neurocirugia (Astur); 2006 Apr ; 17(2):105-18. PubMed ID: 16721477.
[Link]; page 729
249 Antibiotics to prevent infection of simple wounds: a meta-analysis of randomized studies. Author: Cummings P, Del Beccaro MA.Journal: Am J Emerg Med; 1995 Jul ; 13(4):396-400. PubMed ID: 7605521.
[Link]; page 730
250 Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites. Author: Medeiros I, Sa-conato H. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2001 ; (2):CD001738. PubMed ID: 11406003.
[Link]; page 730
251 Use of local anesthetic drugs in hospital practice. Kelly DA, Henderson AM. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed); 1983 Jun 4 ; 286(6380):1784. PubMed ID: 6407566
[Link]; page 731
252 But do read a good exposition at
[Link]; page 731
253 Image courtesy of Dr. Tom Turmezei
[Link]; page 731
254 Evolution of the Emergency Management of Severe Burns (EMSB) course in the UK. Author: Stone CA, Pape SA. Journal: Burns; 1999 May ; 25(3):262-4. PubMed ID: 10323612.
[Link]; page 732
255 The parkland formula under fire: is the criticism justified? Author: Blu-metti J, Hunt JL, Arnoldo BD, Parks JK, Purdue GF. Journal: J Burn Care Res; 2008 Jan-Feb ; 29(1):180-6. PubMed ID: 18182919.
[Link]; page 733
256 Skin construct or biological bandage?
[Link]; page 733
257 Fat embolism syndrome in isolated femoral fractures: does timing of nailing influence incidence? Author: Pinney SJ, Keating JF, Meek RN. Journal: Injury; 1998 Mar ; 29(2):131-3. PubMed ID: 10721407.
[Link]; page 734
258 [Scaphoid fractures--diagnosis, classification and therapy]
[Link]; page 735
259 TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC MANDIBULAR FRACTURES Philip A. Matorin, MD
[Link]; page 735
260 Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analy-ses.Author: Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am; 1976 Jun ; 58(4):453-8. PubMed ID: 773941.
[Link]; page 735
261 Comparison of ceftriaxone with penicillin for antibiotic prophylaxis for compound mandible fractures. Author: Heit JM, Stevens MR, Jeffords K. Journal: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod; 1997 Apr ; 83(4):423-6. PubMed ID: 9127371.
[Link]; page 735
262 Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Author: Gosselin RA, Roberts I, Gillespie WJ. J ournal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2004 ; (1):CD003764. PubMed ID: 14974035.
[Link]; page 735
263 Pulmonary nodules in early fat embolism syndrome: a case report. Au-thor: Heyneman LE, Müller NL. Journal: J Thorac Imaging; 2000 Jan ; 15(1):71-4. PubMed ID: 10634667.
[Link]; page 738
264 Acute compartment syndromes. Author: Tiwari A, Haq AI, Myint F, Hamilton G. Journal: Br J Surg; 2002 Apr ; 89(4):397-412. PubMed ID: 11952578.
[Link]; page 738
265 Randomised controlled trial of single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in sur-gical treatment of closed fractures: the Dutch Trauma Trial. Author: Boxma H, Broekhuizen T, Patka P, Oosting H. Journal: Lancet; 1996 Apr 27 ; 347(9009):1133-7. PubMed ID: 8609746.
[Link]; page 738
266 [Memantine and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): effects of treatment and cortical reorganisation] Author: Sinis N, Birbaumer N, Schwarz A, Gustin S, Unertl K, Schaller HE, Haerle M. Journal: Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir; 2006 Jun ; 38(3):164-71. PubMed ID: 16883501
[Link]; page 739
267 Mislocalization of tactile stimulation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Author: Maihöfner Ch, Neundörfer B, Birklein F, Hand-werker HO. Journal: J Neurol; 2006 Jun ; 253(6):772-9. PubMed ID: 16705476.
[Link]; page 739
268 Complex regional pain syndromes
[Link]; page 739
269 Complex regional pain syndrome after transradial cardiac catheteriza-tion. Author: Lai CJ, Chou CL, Liu TJ, Chan RC. Journal: J Chin Med Assoc; 2006 Apr ; 69(4):179-83. PubMed ID: 16689201.
[Link]; page 739
270 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Radi-ology Department; no link available; page 739
271
[Link]; page 739
272 The classification of surgical neck of humerus fractures @
[Link]; page 740
273 Figure 1 courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 741
274 Figure 2 courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 741
275 Figure 3 courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 741
276 Images courtesy of Professor Peter Scally. ; no link available; page 741
277 Med J Malaysia. 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:52-8. Yusof A. Displaced supra-condylar fracture of humerus in children--comparative study of the result of closed and open reduction.
[Link]; page 742
278 Surgical treatment of intercondylar fractures of the humerus in adults. Author: Safran O, Mosheiff R, Segal D, Liebergall M. Journal: Am J Orthop; 1999 Nov ; 28(11):659-62. PubMed ID: 10588476.
[Link]; page 742
279 The treatment of pulled elbow: a prospective randomized study.
[Link]; page 742
280 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 742
281 Acute elbow dislocation: evaluation and management. Author: Cohen MS, Hastings H. Journal: J Am Acad Orthop Surg; 1998 Jan-Feb ; 6(1):15-23. PubMed ID: 9692937.
[Link]; page 742
282 Total elbow arthroplasty as primary treatment for distal humeral frac-tures in elderly patients. Author: Ray PS, Kakarlapudi K, Rajsekhar C, Bhamra MS. Journal: Injury; 2000 Nov ; 31(9):687-92. PubMed ID: 11084155. 11084155; no link available; page 742
283 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 May;83-A(5):735-40. Operative treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. The consequences of pin placement. Skaggs DL
[Link]; page 743
284 An Increase in the Incidence of Torus Fractures of the Distal Radius During the Football World Cup 2006. Adil Khan.
[Link]; page 743
285 Torus fractures. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics.
[Link]; page 743
286 Management of comminuted fractures of the distal radius in the adult. Conservative or surgical? Author: Rodríguez-Merchán EC. Journal: Clin Or-thop Relat Res; 1998 Aug ; (353):53-62. PubMed ID: 9728159.
[Link]; page 744
287 Johannes Friedrich August von Esmarch. German surgeon, born January 9, 1823, Tönning, Schleswig-Holstein; died February 23, 1908, Kiel.
[Link]; page 744
288 Haematoma block or Bier's block for Colles' fracture reduction in the accident and emergency department--which is best?
[Link]; page 744
289 Anaesthesia for treating distal radial fracture in adults.
[Link]; page 744
290 Doctor, can I drive with this plaster? An evidence based response. Au-thor: Blair S, Chaudhri O, Gregori A. Journal: Injury; 2002 Jan ; 33(1):55-6. PubMed ID: 11879834.
[Link]; page 744
291 J Hand Surg [Br]. 1994 Jun;19(3):373-7. Timmenga EJ. Long-term evalua-tion of Bennett's fracture. A comparison between open and closed reduc-tion.
[Link]; page 744
292 Percutaneous screw fixation or cast immobilization for nondisplaced scaphoid fractures. Author: Bond CD, Shin AY, McBride MT, Dao KD. Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Am; 2001 Apr ; 83-A(4):483-8. PubMed ID: 11315775.
[Link]; page 744
293 J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000 May-Jun;8(3):170-9. Shin AY. Lunotri-quetral instability: diagnosis and treatment.
[Link]; page 744
294 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 744
295 Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis. Author: Boles SD, Schmidt CC. Journal: Hand Clin; 1998 Nov ; 14(4):567-78. PubMed ID: 9884895.
[Link]; page 746
296 Title: Functional results of primary nerve repair. Author: Allan CH. Journal: Hand Clin; 2000 Feb ; 16(1):67-72. PubMed ID: 10696577.
[Link]; page 746
297 Orthopade. 2000 Mar;29(3):216-27 (German). Brug E. [Flexor and ex-tensor tendon injuries of the hand]
[Link]; page 746
298 Low pressure pneumatic tourniquets: effectiveness at minimum rec-ommended inflation pressures. Author: Pauers RS, Carocci MA. Journal: J Foot Ankle Surg; 1994 Nov-Dec ; 33(6):605-9. PubMed ID: 7894409.
[Link]; page 747
299 Serum myoglobin following tourniquet release under anaesthesia. Au-thor: Laurence AS, Norris SH. Journal: Eur J Anaesthesiol; 1988 Mar ; 5(2):143-50. PubMed ID: 3396547.
[Link]; page 747
300 Pneumatic tourniquets in orthopedics Author: Estebe JP, Mallédant Y. Journal: Ann Fr Anesth Reanim; 1996 ; 15(2):162-78. PubMed ID: 8734236.
[Link]; page 747
301 Clinical results of intraarticular fractures of the base of the fifth meta-carpal treated by closed reduction and cast immobilization. Author: Lun-deen JM, Shin AY. Journal: J Hand Surg [Br]; 2000 Jun ; 25(3):258-61. PubMed ID: 10961550.
[Link]; page 748
302 Spiral fracture fixation techniques. A biomechanical study. Author: Mat-loub HS, Jensen PL, Sanger JR, Grunert BK, Yousif NJ. Journal: J Hand Surg [Br]; 1993 Aug ; 18(4):515-9. PubMed ID: 8409671.
[Link]; page 748
303 Mallet finger and fractures. Author: McMinn DJ. Journal: Injury; 1981 May ; 12(6):477-9. PubMed ID: 7275291.
[Link]; page 748
304 A simple effective splinting technique for the mallet finger. Author: Les-ter B, Jeong GK, Perry D, Spero L. Journal: Am J Orthop; 2000 Mar ; 29(3):202-6. PubMed ID: 10746471.
[Link]; page 748
305 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 749
306 Pelvic fracture in multiple trauma: classification by mechanism is key to pattern of organ injury, resuscitative requirements, and outcome. Author: Dalal SA, Burgess AR, Siegel JH, Young JW, Brumback RJ, Poka A, Dunham CM, Gens D, Bathon H. Journal: J Trauma; 1989 Jul ; 29(7):981-1000; discus-sion 1000-2. PubMed ID: 2746708.
[Link]; page 750
307 Urethral injury secondary to pelvic fracture: anatomical and functional classification. Author: Al Rifaei M, Eid NI, Al Rifaei A. Journal: Scand J Urol Nephrol; 2001 Jun ; 35(3):205-11. PubMed ID: 11487073.
[Link]; page 750
308 Utility of routine trauma CT in the detection of bladder rupture. Au-thor: Pao DM, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Korobkin M. Journal: Acad Radiol; 2000 May ; 7(5):317-24. PubMed ID: 10803611.
[Link]; page 750
309 South Med J. 2000 Aug;93(8):760-2. Raafat A. Current management of pelvic fractures.
[Link]; page 751
310 Management guidelines for hypotensive pelvic fracture patients. Author: Allen CF, Goslar PW, Barry M, Christiansen T. Journal: Am Surg; 2000 Aug ; 66(8):735-8. PubMed ID: 10966029.
[Link]; page 751
311 Pelvic fractures in pregnancy: factors influencing maternal and fetal out-comes. Author: Leggon RE, Wood GC, Indeck MC. Journal: J Trauma; 2002 Oct ; 53(4):796-804. PubMed ID: 12394889.
[Link]; page 751
312 PASG: does it help in the management of traumatic shock? Author: Chang FC, Harrison PB, Beech RR, Helmer SD. Journal: J Trauma; 1995 Sep ; 39(3):453-6. PubMed ID: 7473908.
[Link]; page 751
313 Severe pelvic injuries: indications and techniques of skeletal fixation Author: Garbuglia A, Bossi E, Ronzani C, Sallusti M, Bazzoni D, Donzelli T, Marini A, Tiberio G.
[Link]; page 751
314 Concomitant intra-abdominal injuries in pelvic trauma Author: Pajenda GS, Seitz H, Mousavi M, Vécsei V. Journal: Wien Klin Wochenschr; 1998 Dec 11 ; 110(23):834-40. PubMed ID: 10025036.
[Link]; page 751
315 Dynamic helical computed tomography scan accurately detects hemor-rhage in patients with pelvic fracture. Author: Pereira SJ, O'Brien DP, Luchette FA, Choe KA, Lim E, Davis Jr K, Hurst JM, Johannigman JA, Frame SB. Journal: Surgery; 2000 Oct ; 128(4):678-85. PubMed ID: 11015102.
[Link]; page 751
316 Am Surg. 1998 Sep;64(9):862-7. Bassam D. A protocol for the initial management of unstable pelvic fractures.
[Link]; page 751
317 The importance of fracture pattern in guiding therapeutic decision-making in patients with hemorrhagic shock and pelvic ring disruptions. Au-thor: Eastridge BJ, Starr A, Minei JP, O'Keefe GE, Scalea TM. Journal: J Trauma; 2002 Sep ; 53(3):446-50; discussion 450-1. PubMed ID: 12352479.
[Link]; page 751
318 Image © OUP; no link available; page 751
319 Image © OUP (Figure 3 also); no link available; page 751
320 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 752
321 The management of intracapsular fractures of the proximal femur. Au-thor: Parker MJ. Journal: J Bone Joint Surg Br; 2000 Sep ; 82(7):937-41. Pub-Med ID: 11041577.
[Link]; page 752
322 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD000522. Parker MJ. Osteot-omy, compression and reaming techniques for internal fixation of extracap-sular hip fractures.
[Link]; page 752
323 Osteotomy, compression and reaming techniques for internal fixation of extracapsular hip fractures. Author: Parker MJ, Tripuraneni G, McGreg-gor-Riley J. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2001 ; (3):CD000522. PubMed ID: 11686964.
[Link]; page 752
324 Nerve injury in traumatic dislocation of the hip. Author: Cornwall R, Radomisli TE. Journal: Clin Orthop Relat Res; 2000 Aug ; (377):84-91. Pub-Med ID: 10943188.
[Link]; page 752
325 Image courtesy of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust; no link available; page 753
326 Neck of femur fractures. 2008
[Link]; page 753
327 Learning Radiology. Fractures of the proximal femur.
[Link]; page 753
328 Internal fixation versus arthroplasty for intracapsular proximal femoral fractures in adults. Author: Parker MJ, Gurusamy K. Journal: Cochrane Da-tabase Syst Rev; 2006 ; (4):CD001708. PubMed ID: 17054139.
[Link]; page 753
329 Selected as the best paper in the 1990s: Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of tai chi and computerized balance training. Author: Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T, Atlanta FICSIT Group . Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc; 2003 Dec ; 51(12):1794-803. PubMed ID: 14687360.
[Link]; page 753
330 Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in older people. Author: Parker MJ, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (3):CD001255. PubMed ID: 16034859.
[Link]; page 753
331 Operative treatment of primary patellar dislocation does not improve medium-term outcome: A 7-year follow-up report and risk analysis of 127 randomized patients. Author: Nikku R, Nietosvaara Y, Aalto K, Kallio PE. Journal: Acta Orthop; 2005 Oct ; 76(5):699-704. PubMed ID: 16263618.
[Link]; page 754
332 Healing and repair of ligament injuries in the knee. Author: Woo SL, Vogrin TM, Abramowitch SD. Journal: J Am Acad Orthop Surg; 2000 Nov-Dec ; 8(6):364-72. PubMed ID: 11104400.
[Link]; page 754
333 Surgical versus conservative interventions for anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in adults. Author: Linko E, Harilainen A, Malmivaara A, Seitsalo S. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (2):CD001356. PubMed ID: 15846618.
[Link]; page 754
334 Interventions for treating posterior cruciate ligament injuries of the knee in adults. Author: Peccin MS, Almeida GJ, Amaro J, Cohen M, Soares BG, Atallah AN. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2005 ; (2):CD002939. PubMed ID: 15846644.
[Link]; page 754
335 Current concepts and controversies in meniscal imaging.
[Link]; page 754
336 Medial tibial pain: a dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI study. Author: Mattila KT, Komu ME, Dahlström S, Koskinen SK, Heikkilä J. Journal: Magn Reson Imaging; 1999 Sep ; 17(7):947-54. PubMed ID: 10463643.
[Link]; page 754
337 Occult bone trauma detected by magnetic resonance imaging Author: Drugová B, Bumbálková V. Journal: Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech; 2002 ; 69(5):312-6. PubMed ID: 12557603.
[Link]; page 754
338 Serious consequences of the wrong diagnosis of meniscal lesion in a case of stress fracture of the distal femur. Author: Huber W, Trieb K. Jour-nal: Arthroscopy; 2002 Oct ; 18(8):935-8. PubMed ID: 12368794.
[Link]; page 754
339 Arthroscopic treatment of an avulsion fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. Case report. Author: Prince AR, Moyer RA. Journal: Am J Knee Surg; 1995 Summer ; 8(3):114-6. PubMed ID: 7552607.
[Link]; page 754
340 Radiographics. 2000 Oct;20 Spec No:S135-51. Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury--Sanders TG
[Link]; page 755
341 Courtesy of Hollis M. Fritts.MD; no link available; page 755
342 The effect of preventive measures on the incidence of ankle sprains.
[Link]; page 756
343 The effect of a proprioceptive balance board training program for the prevention of ankle sprains: a prospective controlled trial.
[Link]; page 756
344 Effects of ankle support on lower-extremity functional performance: a meta-analysis. Author: Cordova ML, Scott BD, Ingersoll CD, LeBlanc MJ. Journal: Med Sci Sports Exerc; 2005 Apr ; 37(4):635-41. PubMed ID: 15809563.
[Link]; page 756
345 Operative treatment for Maisonneuve fracture of the proximal fibula. Author: Babis GC, Papagelopoulos PJ, Tsarouchas J, Zoubos AB, Korres DS, Nikiforidis P. Journal: Orthopedics; 2000 Jul ; 23(7):687-90. PubMed ID: 10917243.
[Link]; page 756
346 Lisfranc's or tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation. Author: Patterson M. Journal: Int J Trauma Nurs; 2000 Oct-Dec ; 6(4):133-6. PubMed ID: 11035858.
[Link]; page 756
347 Conventional radiography, CT, and MR imaging in patients with hyper-flexion injuries of the foot: diagnostic accuracy in the detection of bony and ligamentous changes. Author: Preidler KW, Peicha G, Lajtai G, Seibert FJ, Fock C, Szolar DM, Raith H. Journal: AJR Am J Roentgenol; 1999 Dec ; 173(6):1673-7. PubMed ID: 10584818.
[Link]; page 756
348 The treatment of Lisfranc injuries. Author: Mulier T, Reynders P, Sioen W, van den Bergh J, de Reymaeker G, Reynaert P, Broos P. Journal: Acta Orthop Belg; 1997 Jun ; 63(2):82-90. PubMed ID: 9265792.
[Link]; page 756
349 The operative management of displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum: a two-centre study using a defined protocol. Author: Tennent TD, Calder PR, Salisbury RD, Allen PW, Eastwood DM. Journal: Injury; 2001 Jul ; 32(6):491-6. PubMed ID: 11476816.
[Link]; page 756
350 Treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures in adults. A treatment algorithm Author: Thermann H, Hüfner T, Schratt HE, Albrecht K, Tscherne H. Journal: Unfallchirurg; 1999 Mar ; 102(3):152-66. PubMed ID: 10232031.
[Link]; page 756
351 Occult fracture-subluxation of the midtarsal joint. Author: Tountas AA. Journal: Clin Orthop Relat Res; 1989 Jun ; (243):195-9. PubMed ID: 2721063.
[Link]; page 756
352 For enthusiasts, the AO classification of long bone fractures can be downloaded from:
[Link]; page 757
353 Images courtesy of Professor Peter Scally. ; no link available; page 757
354 An evaluation of the Weber classification of ankle fractures.
[Link]; page 757
355 Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis of distal fractures of the tibia. Author: Helfet DL, Shonnard PY, Levine D, Borrelli J. Journal: Injury; 1997 ; 28 Suppl 1():A42-7; discussion A47-8. PubMed ID: 10897286.
[Link]; page 757
356 Facial trauma: a recurrent disease? The potential role of disease pre-vention. Author: Laski R, Ziccardi VB, Broder HL, Janal M. Journal: J Oral Maxillofac Surg; 2004 Jun ; 62(6):685-8. PubMed ID: 15170278.
[Link]; page 758
357 Cervical spine screening with CT in trauma patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
[Link]; page 758
358 Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites. Author: Medeiros I, Sa-conato H. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2001 ; (2):CD001738. PubMed ID: 11406003.
[Link]; page 758
359 Clinical and radiological evaluation following surgical treatment of condylar neck fractures with lag screws. Author: Eckelt U, Hlawitschka M. Journal: J Craniomaxillofac Surg; 1999 Aug ; 27(4):235-42. PubMed ID: 10626257.
[Link]; page 758
360 Early intervention in whiplash-associated disorders: a comparison of two treatment protocols.
[Link]; page 758
361 See www.emedicine.com for a description of the Le Fort fractures:
[Link]; page 759
362 Image courtesy of Professor Peter Scally.
[Link]; page 759
363 Peripheral nerve injury and repair. Author: Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Journal: J Am Acad Orthop Surg; 2000 Jul-Aug ; 8(4):243-52. PubMed ID: 10951113.
[Link]; page 760
364 Hand neuroanatomy
[Link]; page 760
365 Surgical treatment of common peroneal nerve injuries: indications and results. A series of 62 cases. Author: Garozzo D, Ferraresi S, Buffatti P. Journal: J Neurosurg Sci; 2004 Sep ; 48(3):105-12; discussion 112. PubMed ID: 15557879.
[Link]; page 760
366 Sensory relearning after nerve repair. Author: Lundborg G, Rosén B. Journal: Lancet; 2001 Sep 8 ; 358(9284):809-10. PubMed ID: 11564490
[Link]; page 761
367 Particle Physics: A Very Short Introduction, by Frank Close, OUP. ISBN 0192804340
[Link]; page 763
368 Germ theory: invisible killers revealed. Burns HBMJ; 2007 Jan 6 ; 334 Suppl 1():s11. PubMed ID: 17204751
[Link]; page 763
369 Brachial-plexus injuries. Leffert RD. N Engl J Med; 1974 Nov 14 ; 291(20):1059-67. PubMed ID: 4606284
[Link]; page 764
370 Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Author: Bracken MB. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2002 ; (3):CD001046. PubMed ID: 12137616. The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury (Cochrane Review); no link available; page 766
371 Outcomes of early surgical management versus late or no surgical in-tervention after acute spinal cord injury. Author: McKinley W, Meade MA, Kirshblum S, Barnard B. Journal: Arch Phys Med Rehabil; 2004 Nov ; 85(11):1818-25. PubMed ID: 15520977.
[Link]; page 766
372 Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Confer-ence on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Author: Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Bergqvist D, Lassen MR, Colwell CW, Ray JG. Journal: Chest; 2004 Sep ; 126(3 Suppl):338S-400S. PubMed ID: 15383478.
[Link]; page 766
373 The authors would like to thank Dr. Michael Reschen, Oxford, UK, for bringing to light the recommendations of the ACCP for prevention of VTE in spinal cord injury patients. The full guidelines can be downloaded from
[Link]; page 766
374 Undiagnosed spinal cord injuries in brain-injured children. Author: Sneed RC, Stover SL. Journal: Am J Dis Child; 1988 Sep ; 142(9):965-7. PubMed ID: 3414628.
[Link]; page 767
375 Reference to
[Link]; page 767
376 Images courtesy of Professor Peter Scally. ; no link available; page 768
377 Factors associated with improved neurologic outcomes in patients with incomplete tetraplegia.
[Link]; page 768
378 Image adapted from Neurology. Donaghy. OUP. ISBN 0192627953. With kind permission of Professor Donaghy; no link available; page 768
379 Image adapted from Neurology. Donaghy. OUP. ISBN 0192627953. With kind permission of Professor Donaghy; no link available; page 769
380 Image adapted from Neurology. Donaghy. OUP. ISBN 0192627953. With kind permission of Professor Donaghy; no link available; page 769
381 Image adapted from Neurology. Donaghy. OUP. ISBN 0192627953. With kind permission of Professor Donaghy; no link available; page 769
382 Restoring function after spinal cord injury. Author: Becker D, Sadowsky CL, McDonald JW. Journal: Neurologist; 2003 Jan ; 9(1):1-15. PubMed ID: 12801427.
[Link]; page 771
383 Spinal-cord injury. Author: McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Journal: Lancet; 2002 Feb 2 ; 359(9304):417-25. PubMed ID: 11844532.
[Link]; page 771
384 Propantheline bromide in the management of hyperhidrosis associated with spinal cord injury. Author: Canaday BR, Stanford RH. Journal: Ann Pharmacother; 1995 May ; 29(5):489-92. PubMed ID: 7655132.
[Link]; page 772
385 Etiology and incidence of rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: a multicenter analysis. Author: Cardenas DD, Hoffman JM, Kirshblum S, McKinley W. Journal: Arch Phys Med Rehabil; 2004 Nov ; 85(11):1757-63. PubMed ID: 15520970.
[Link]; page 772
386 History of the treatment of spinal injuries. Author: Silver JR. Journal: Postgrad Med J; 2005 Feb ; 81(952):108-14. PubMed ID: 15701743.
[Link]; page 772
387 Malignant autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injured men. Author: Elliott S, Krassioukov A. Journal: Spinal Cord; 2006 Jun ; 44(6):386-92. Pub-Med ID: 16186856.
[Link]; page 772
388 Spinal-cord injury. Author: McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Journal: Lancet; 2002 Feb 2 ; 359(9304):417-25. PubMed ID: 11844532.
[Link]; page 772
389 Countertransference issues in staff caregivers who work to rehabilitate catastrophic-injury survivors. Author: Gunther MS. Journal: Am J Psycho-ther; 1994 Spring ; 48(2):208-20. PubMed ID: 8048654.
[Link]; page 773
390 Sexual counseling with spinal cord-injured clients.
[Link]; page 773
391 Sexuality in the handicapped. Author: Walbroehl GS. Journal: Am Fam Physician; 1987 Jul ; 36(1):129-33. PubMed ID: 3604847.
[Link]; page 773
392 The sexual experience in younger males with complete spinal cord in-jury. Author: Sjögren K, Egberg K. Journal: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl; 1983 ; 9():189-94. PubMed ID: 6585940.
[Link]; page 773
393 J Sex Marital Ther. 2001 Oct-Dec;27(5):615-23. Tepper MS. Women with complete spinal cord injury: a phenomenological study of sexual ex-periences.
[Link]; page 773
394 Sexual activities, concerns and interests of men with spinal cord injury. Author: White MJ, Rintala DH, Hart KA, Young ME, Fuhrer MJ. Journal: Am J Phys Med Rehabil; 1992 Aug ; 71(4):225-31. PubMed ID: 1642822.
[Link]; page 773
395 The sexual experience in younger males with complete spinal cord in-jury. Author: Sjögren K, Egberg K. Journal: Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl; 1983 ; 9():189-94. PubMed ID: 6585940.
[Link]; page 773
396 Sexual arousal and orgasm in women: effects of spinal cord injury. Au-thor: Sipski ML, Alexander CJ, Rosen R. Journal: Ann Neurol; 2001 Jan ; 49(1):35-44. PubMed ID: 11198294.
[Link]; page 773
397 Efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil (Viagra) in men with erectile dys-function caused by spinal cord injury. Author: Derry FA, Dinsmore WW, Fraser M, Gardner BP, Glass CA, Maytom MC, Smith MD. Journal: Neurol-ogy; 1998 Dec ; 51(6):1629-33. PubMed ID: 9855514.
[Link]; page 773
398 Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25. McDonald JW. Spinal-cord injury.
[Link]; page 773
399 Pregnancy and delivery in tetraplegic women. Author: Verduyn WH. Journal: J Spinal Cord Med; 1997 Jul ; 20(3):371-4. PubMed ID: 9261786.
[Link]; page 773
400 A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conserva-tive bowel management in spinal cord-injured patients. Author: Christensen P, Bazzocchi G, Coggrave M, Abel R, Hultling C, Krogh K, Media S, Laurberg S. Journal: Gastroenterology; 2006 Sep ; 131(3):738-47. PubMed ID: 16952543.
[Link]; page 774
