Chapter 05: Ophthalmology

Web-based references relating to the number under the disk sign

1 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Zettle, Blackwell, p222; no link available; page 410

2 Figure 1… [If you were cast a] "…notoriously gleaming glance… in a tutorial, would you meet his gaze? Choosing where to look can be perplexing…" Image derived from image of an eye courtesy of Ken Banks. [Link]; page 410

3 Brain regions that decide where we look. [Link]; page 410

4 Etymology of the word 'Pupil'. [Link]; page 410

5 Marcel Proust; The Guermantes Way (Ŕ la recherche du temps perdu) has a many-pages description of a kiss going out of focus. ; no link available; page 411

6 Amblyopy (n.) Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis. [Link]; page 411

7 Image of hyphema courtesy of Prof J Trobe [Link]; page 413

8 Image of chalazion courtesy of Bristol eye hospital. ; no link available; page 416

9 Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1997 Aug;28(8):683-4. Santa Cruz CS. Chalazion-induced hyperopia as a cause of decreased vision. [Link]; page 416

10 J AAPOS. 2000 Dec;4(6):379-80. Meisler DM. Oral erythromycin treatment for childhood blepharokeratitis. [Link]; page 416

11 Image of Pinguecula drawn by OUP ; no link available; page 416

12 Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1998 May;26 Suppl 1:S2-5. Panchapakesan J. Prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Medline abstract, n=3564 [Link]; page 416

13 Pinguecula [Link]; page 416

14 Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2000;98:505-32. Wilhelmus KR. The treatment of herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Medline abstract, Meta-analysis [Link]; page 416

15 Cornea. 1995 May;14(3):326-30. Minkovitz JB. Topical interferon alpha-2a treatment of herpes simplex keratitis resistant to multiple antiviral medications in an immunosuppressed patient. [Link]; page 416

16 Image Courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital ; no link available; page 417

17 Image Courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital ; no link available; page 417

18 Image of pterygium courtesy of Jon Miles [Link]; page 417

19 Image of Xanthelasma courtesy of Jon Miles ; no link available; page 417

20 eMedicine Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Eyelid [Link]; page 417

21 Image of Acute dacryocystitis courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital ; no link available; page 418

22 Outcomes of dacryocystorhinostomy in patients with head and neck tumors. Author: Diba R, Saadati H, Esmaeli B. Journal: Head Neck; 2005 Jan ; 27(1):72-5. PubMed ID: 15565560. [Link]; page 418

23 Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Oct;123(4):488-91. Cokkeser Y. Comparative external versus endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: results in 115 patients (130 eyes). [Link]; page 418

24 After DP Austin. [Link]; page 419

25 An Esp Pediatr. 2000 Dec;53(6):567-72 (Spanish). Rodriguez Ferran L. [Orbital and periorbital cellulitis. Review of 107 cases] [Link]; page 420

26 Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2000 Mar;51(2):113-9 (Spanish). Gomez Campdera J. [Orbital cellulitis in childhood. Medical-surgical treatment] [Link]; page 420

27 Neurochirurgia (Stuttg). 1982 Jan;25(1):7-10 (German). Willenberg E. [The treatment of carotico-cavernous fistulas, past and present (author's transl)] [Link]; page 420

28 Ugeskr Laeger. 1995 Nov 27;157(48):6725-8 (Danish). Poulsgard L. [Sur-gical treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas. A description of open surgical techniques in the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula with preserved normal flow in the internal carotid artery] [Link]; page 420

29 Ugeskr Laeger. 1994 Oct 31;156(44):6541-8 (Danish). Bartholdy NJ. [Interventional neuroradiology. A presentation with preliminary results] [Link]; page 420

30 Image of zoster courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital ; no link available; page 420

31 J Am Optom Assoc. 1997 Aug;68(8):527-38. McPherson RE. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and the immunocompromised host: a case report and review. [Link]; page 420

32 Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1999 Feb 28;119(6):794-5 (Norwegian). Bagge-sen K. [Leukocoria (white pupil) among children--mother is always right] [Link]; page 421

33 Nippon Rinsho. 2000 Jul;58(7):1413-8 (Japanese). Kaneko A. [Retinoblas-toma] [Link]; page 421

34 Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Mar;129(3):396-8. Smith JH. Siblings of retino-blastoma patients: are we underestimating their risk? [Link]; page 421

35 Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998 Feb;76(1):27-7. Lennerstrand G. Treat-ment of strabismus and nystagmus with botulinum toxin type A. An evalua-tion of effects and complications. [Link]; page 422

36 Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Winter;15(4):351-6. Molteno AC. A comparative trial of Gobin's method versus conventional surgery for refrac-tive/accommodative esotropia uncorrected by non-surgical methods. [Link]; page 422

37 Isolated sixth nerve palsy: an uncommon presenting sign of multiple scle-rosis. Author: Barr D, Kupersmith MJ, Turbin R, Bose S, Roth R. Journal: J Neurol; 2000 Sep ; 247(9):701-4. PubMed ID: 11081810 [Link]; page 422

38 Singapore Med J. 1999 Jun;40(6):405-9. Quah BL. A review of 5 years' experience in the use of botulinium toxin A in the treatment of sixth cranial nerve palsy at the Singapore National Eye Centre. Medline abstract, n=19 [Link]; page 422

39 Image drawn by OUP ; no link available; page 423

40 Eye movement [Link]; page 423

41 Oblique primary, secondary, and tertiary actions [Link]; page 423

42 See Blue Mountain Eye Study 2004 BJ Ophthalmology 88 1119 & BMJ 2004 329 692 [Link]; page 423

43 Strabusmus lecture notes [Link]; page 423

44 J Fr Ophtalmol. 1992;15(4):243-7 (French). Maselli E. [Surgical treatment of strabismus by sagittal cutting of the oblique muscles. Apropos of 449 cases] Medline abstract, n=449 [Link]; page 423

45 Image drawn by OUP ; no link available; page 423

46 Image of secoral heterochromia courtesy of Jon Miles ; no link available; page 425

47 Images of iris hypoplasia courtesy of Jon Miles [Link]; page 425

48 Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Jul;63(1):109-19. Young TL. Evidence that a locus for familial high myopia maps to chromosome 18p. [Link]; page 426

49 Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000 Jul;19(4):421-57. Crewther DP. The role of photoreceptors in the control of refractive state. [Link]; page 426

50 BMJ 2002;324:1195-1199 Myopia--Douglas R Fredrick [Link]; page 426

51 BMJ 2002;324:1195-1199 ( 18 May Myopia. Douglas R Fredrick [Link]; page 426

52 Ophthalmology. 2002 Jan;109(1):175-87. Sugar A. Laser in situ keratomil-eusis for myopia and astigmatism: safety and efficacy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. [Link]; page 426

53 Image drawn by OUP ; no link available; page 427

54 Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1997 May;210(5):316-8 (French). Safran AB. [Scotomas: assessment by the patient and by the physician. There's nothing to see] [Link]; page 428

55 J Heart Lung Transplant 1996 Nov;15(11):1158-64 (English), Drachman BM. [Cortical blindness secondary to cyclosporine after orthotopic heart transplantation: a case report and review of the literature] [Link]; page 428

56 Image of acute glaucoma courtesy of Prof J Trobe ; no link available; page 430

57 Image of Granulomatous Uveitis courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital. ; no link available; page 430

58 Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Oct 3;295(6602):812-3. Talbot EM. A simple test to diagnose iritis. [Link]; page 430

59 Image of acute glaucoma, courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital and Gillian Bennerson ; no link available; page 431

60 Image of acute conjunctivitis courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital ; no link available; page 431

61 Image courtesy of OUP image bank ; no link available; page 432

62 Ophthalmology. 1999 Dec;106(12):2377-9. Read RW. Episcleritis in childhood. [Link]; page 432

63 Br J Ophthalmol. 1981 Sep;65(9):641-3. Lloyd-Jones D. Clinical evaluation of clobetasone butyrate eye drops in episcleritis. [Link]; page 432

64 Ocular vasculitis: a multidisciplinary approach. Author: Herbort CP, Ci-mino L, Abu El Asrar AM. Journal: Curr Opin Rheumatol; 2005 Jan ; 17(1):25-33. PubMed ID: 15604901. [Link]; page 432

65 Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Oct;130(4):469-76. Jabs DA. Episcleritis and scleritis: clinical features and treatment results. [Link]; page 432

66 Update on bacterial conjunctivitis in South Florida. Author: Cavuoto K, Zutshi D, Karp CL, Miller D, Feuer W. Journal: Ophthalmology; 2008 Jan ; 115(1):51-6. PubMed ID: 17572497 [Link]; page 432

67 Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl. 1999;(228):43-6. Discepola M. Compari-son of the topical ocular antiallergic efficacy of emedastine 0.05% ophthal-mic solution to ketorolac 0.5% ophthalmic solution in a clinical model of allergic conjunctivitis. [Link]; page 432

68 Bacterial keratitis in Christchurch, New Zealand, 1997-;2001. Author: Hall RC, McKellar MJ.--Journal: Clin Experiment Ophthalmol; 2004 Oct ; 32(5):478-81. PubMed ID: 15498058 [Link]; page 433

69 Image of Vitreous haemorrhage and new vessels from OUP image ar-chive ; no link available; page 434

70 Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2000 Dec;75(12):819-24 (Spanish). Salazar JJ. [Apoptosis in ischemic optic neuropathy] [Link]; page 434

71 Image of optic neuritis from OUP image bank ; no link available; page 434

72 Acute Optic Neuritis [Link]; page 434

73 Transient loss of vision [Link]; page 434

74 Optometry. 2000 Nov;71(11):703-14. Wong DM. Case presentations of retinal artery occlusions. [Link]; page 435

75 Branch retinal artery occlusion secondary to dengue fever. Author: Kanungo S, Shukla D, Kim R. Journal: Indian J Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan-Feb ; 56(1):73-4. PubMed ID: 18158412 [Link]; page 435

76 Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999 Dec;237(12):1024-7. Battaglia Parodi M. Grid laser treatment in macular branch retinal vein occlusion. [Link]; page 435

77 Ophthalmologica. 1996;210(3):168-70. Kiryu J. Hyperbaric oxygen treat-ment for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: relation to severity of retinal leakage. [Link]; page 435

78 Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000 Aug;78(4):456-9. Erdol H. Arterial crimp-ing in branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema. Medline abstract, n=72 [Link]; page 435

79 Brain. 1998 Oct;121 ( Pt 10):1819-40, (English) Manford M. [Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights.] [Link]; page 438

80 Delay in treating age-related macular degeneration in Spain is associated with progressive vision loss. Journal: Eye; 2008 Jan 18 ; ():. PubMed ID: 18202712. [Link]; page 438

81 Am J Ophthalmol. 1993 Jul 15;116(1):84-7. Rizzo JF 3rd. Tobacco amblyopia. [Link]; page 438

82 Acta Neurol Scand. 1985 Aug;72(2):180-7. Krumsiek J. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia neuro-ophthalmological findings and clinical course. [Link]; page 438

83 Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison. 1994 Apr;29(2):114-20 (Japanese). Miyashita H. [A case of Wernicke's encephalopathy which accompanied a passing blindness] [Link]; page 438

84 Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1985 Mar;53(3):88-93 (German). Krumsiek J. [Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Clinical course in 33 patients] [Link]; page 438

85 Image courtesy of OUP image back ; no link available; page 438

86 BMJ. 1998 May 30;316(7145):1643-6. Reidy A. Prevalence of serious eye disease and visual impairment in a north London population: population based, cross sectional study. [Link]; page 439

87 Ophthalmology. 1981 Oct;88(10):1066-80 Pathology and pathogenesis of drusen of the optic nervehead. Tso MO [Link]; page 439

88 Drusen [Link]; page 439

89 MRC Ophthalmology questions; Mr CN Chau [Link]; page 439

90 Surv Ophthalmol. 2000 Nov-Dec;45(3):195-214. Schmidt-Erfurth U. Mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. [Link]; page 439

91 Photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degenera-tion. Author: Wormald R, Evans J, Smeeth L, Henshaw K. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2007 ; (3):CD002030. PubMed ID: 17636693. [Link]; page 439

92 NEJM 2006. 355:1409-1412. The Price of Sight — Ranibizumab, Bevaci-zumab, and the Treatment of Macular Degeneration. Robert Steinbrook, M.D. [Link]; page 439

93 Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 5, 123-132 (February 2006) | doi:10.1038/nrd1955. Case Histories. Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF ap-tamer for ocular vascular disease. Eugene W. [Link]; page 439

94 Ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular de-generation: a review. Author: Kourlas H, Abrams P. Journal: Clin Ther; 2007 Sep ; 29(9):1850-61. PubMed ID: 18035187. [Link]; page 439

95 Intravitreal Bevacizumab and Triamcinolone Acetonide Combination Therapy for Exudative Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Short-Term Optical Coherence Tomography Results. Journal: J Ocul Phar-macol Ther; 2008 Jan 17 ; ():. PubMed ID: 18201136 [Link]; page 439

96 BMJ. 2000 Dec 9;321(7274):1425-7. Bressler NM. Age related macular degeneration. New hope for a common problem comes from photody-namic therapy. [Link]; page 439

97 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000254. Evans JR. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Medline abstract, meta-analysis [Link]; page 439

98 Primary Prevention of Age-related macular degeneration. J Evans 2007 BMJ 335 729 [Link]; page 439

99 Traffic Gap Judgment in People with Significant Peripheral Field Loss. Journal: Optom Vis Sci; 2008 Jan ; 85(1):26-36. PubMed ID: 18174838 [Link]; page 440

100 Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Oct;130(4):429-40. The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of intraocu-lar pressure and visual field deterioration.The AGIS Investigators. Medline abstract, N=738 [Link]; page 440

101 Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Nov;130(5):670-2. Hashimoto M. Normal-tension glaucoma with reversed ophthalmic artery flow. [Link]; page 440

102 Extra risk with moderate use: 34%; heavy use: 74%. Journal of Environ-mental and Community Health Toho University [Link]; page 440

103 Conn Med. 2000 Feb;64(2):75-8. Palmisano P. Glaucoma and race: a case for screening in Connecticut. [Link]; page 440

104 Optom Vis Sci. 1999 Aug;76(8):537-43. Harper RA. Glaucoma screen-ing: the importance of combining test data. [Link]; page 440

105 Lancet. 1995 Jun 24;345(8965):1604-6. Diggory P. Avoiding unsuspected respiratory side-effects of topical timolol with cardioselective or sympath-omimetic agents. Medline abstract, N=80 [Link]; page 440

106 MRC Ophthalmology questions; Mr CN Chau [Link]; page 441

107 Dany Najjar, MD. GLAUCOMA made ridiculously simple… [Link]; page 441

108 Long-term outcomes in asians after acute primary angle closure. Au-thor: Aung T, Friedman DS, Chew PT, Ang LP, Gazzard G, Lai YF, Yip L, Lai H, Quigley H, Seah SK. Journal: Ophthalmology; 2004 Aug ; 111(8):1464-9. PubMed ID: 15288972 [Link]; page 441

109 Glaucoma [Link]; page 441

110 Predictive factors of the optic nerve head for development or progres-sion of glaucomatous visual field loss. Author: Jonas JB, Martus P, Horn FK, Jünemann A, Korth M, Budde WM. Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci; 2004 Aug ; 45(8):2613-8. PubMed ID: 15277484. [Link]; page 441

111 (From J Parr Introduction to Ophthalmology, OUP.); no link available; page 441

112 What do people with glaucoma know about their condition? A com-parative cross-sectional incidence and prevalence survey. Journal: Clin Ex-periment Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan 10 ; ():. PubMed ID: 18190599. [Link]; page 441

113 We thank Mr R Williams FRCS for preparing this topic">[Link]; page 442

114 Nutrition and the prevention of cataracts. Author: Fernandez MM, Af-shari NA. Journal: Curr Opin Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan ; 19(1):66-70. PubMed ID: 18090901. [Link]; page 442

115 Biometry and intraocular lens power calculation. Author: Lee AC, Qazi MA, Pepose JS. Journal: Curr Opin Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan ; 19(1):13-7. Pub-Med ID: 18090891. [Link]; page 443

116 Image drawn by OUP for OHCS-5 ; no link available; page 443

117 Image of retinal detatchment courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital. ; no link available; page 444

118 Image reproduced by kind permission of Dr Freund. ; no link available; page 444

119 Retinal detatchment [Link]; page 444

120 Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2000 Aug;75(8):547-53 (Spanish). Blanco MJ. [Retinitis pigmentosa: results of rhodopsin gene analysis in the Galician population] [Link]; page 444

121 Ben Glasgow, M.D.. 2005 Macula and Fovea The macula, area centralis, has a diameter of about 5.5 mm and is defined histologically by the pres-ence of more than 1 layer of ganglion cells... [Link]; page 445

122 Retinal micromovements, the visual line, and Donders' law. Author: Jampel RS, Shi DX. Journal: Am J Ophthalmol; 2000 Feb ; 129(2):224-34. PubMed ID: 10682976. [Link]; page 445

123 Count and density of human retinal photoreceptors. Author: Jonas JB, Schneider U, Naumann GO. Journal: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol; 1992 ; 230(6):505-10. PubMed ID: 1427131. [Link]; page 445

124 Gradients of cone differentiation and FGF expression during develop-ment of the foveal depression in macaque retina. Author: Cornish EE, Madi-gan MC, Natoli R, Hales A, Hendrickson AE, Provis JM. Journal: Vis Neurosci; 2005 Jul-Aug ; 22(4):447-59. PubMed ID: 16212702. [Link]; page 445

125 Image courtesy of OUP image bank 2005 ; no link available; page 445

126 Image of stage 4 retinal hole: MR QURESH MOHAMED FRCOPHTH ; no link available; page 445

127 Histology of the Human Eye by Hogan. Alvarado Weddell, W.B. Saud-ers Company publishers, 1971, page 491. [Link]; page 447

128 [Nomenclature of the macular area] Author: Inomata H, Iwasaki M. Journal: Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi; 1997 Mar ; 101(3):201-8. PubMed ID: 9086737. [Link]; page 447

129 NICE 2008. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. [Link]; page 447

130 Type 2 diametes mellitus. 2008. NICE [Link]; page 447

131 Image of retinopathy before and after the laser, courtesy of Prof Trobe ; no link available; page 447

132 Image of retinopathy before and after the laser, courtesy of Prof Trobe ; no link available; page 447

133 Image of Kayser-Fleischer ring courtesy of Jon Miles [Link]; page 448

134 Characteristics of Untreated AIDS-related Cytomegalovirus Retinitis. II. Findings in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (1997 to 2000). Author: Holland GN, Vaudaux JD, Shiramizu KM, Yu F, Goldenberg DT, Gupta A, Carlson M, Read RW, Novack RD, Kuppermann BD, Southern California HIV/Eye Consortium . Journal: Am J Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan ; 145(1):12-22. PubMed ID: 18154751 [Link]; page 448

135 N Engl J Med. 2002 Apr 11;346(15):1119-26. Martin DF. A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis. [Link]; page 448

136 Ocular and systemic causes of retinopathy in patients without diabetes mellitus--Jayant Venkatramani. BMJ 2004;328:625-629 (13 March) [Link]; page 448

137 We thank Mr J F Cullen FRCS for permission to reproduce the images; no link available; page 449

138 We thank Mr J F Cullen FRCS for permission to reproduce the images; no link available; page 449

139 We thank Mr J F Cullen FRCS for permission to reproduce the images; no link available; page 449

140 We thank Mr J F Cullen FRCS for permission to reproduce the images; no link available; page 449

141 We thank Mr J F Cullen FRCS for permission to reproduce the images; no link available; page 449

142 We thank Mr J F Cullen FRCS for permission to reproduce the images; no link available; page 449

143 Med J Aust. 2000 Feb 21;172(4):163-6. Laming AC. A targeted, single-dose azithromycin strategy for trachoma. [Link]; page 450

144 Trop Med Int Health. 2000 Aug;5(8):515-27. Emerson PM. Review of the evidence base for the 'F' and 'E' components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. [Link]; page 450

145 BMC Public Health. 2001;1(1):12. Alley WS. Macrofilaricides and on-chocerciasis control, mathematical modelling of the prospects for elimina-tion. [Link]; page 450

146 ATLS Manual 6e, page 411 ISBN 1-880696-10-X; no link available; page 452

147 Corneal foreign body courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital. ; no link avail-able; page 452

148 Image of Corneal abrasion courtesy of Bristol Eye Hospital ; no link available; page 452

149 J Fam Pract. 1998 Oct;47(4):264-70. Flynn CA. Should we patch corneal abrasions? A meta-analysis. [Link]; page 452

150 Eye. 1993;7 ( Pt 3):468-71. Kirkpatrick JN. No eye pad for corneal abra-sion. [Link]; page 452

151 Med Health R I. 2000 Dec;83(12):395. Perlman EM. Patching the eye improves comfort and healing in patients with corneal abrasions. [Link]; page 452

152 Ophthalmology. 1996 Jan;103(1):152-6. Seiff SR. Hypertropia and the posterior blowout fracture: Mechanism and management. [Link]; page 453

153 Prognosis of penetrating eye injuries with posterior segment intraocular foreign body. [Link]; page 453

154 Prognosis of penetrating eye injuries with posterior segment intraocular foreign body. Author: Szijártó Z, Gaál V, Kovács B, Kuhn F. Journal: Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan ; 246(1):161-5. PubMed ID: 17674019. [Link]; page 453

155 RNIB shop [Link]; page 454

156 Trends in blind and low vision registrations in Taipei City. Author: Tsai IL, Woung LC, Tsai CY, Kuo LL, Liu SW, Lin S, Wang IJ. Journal: Eur J Oph-thalmol; 2008 Jan-Feb ; 18(1):118-24. PubMed ID: 18203096. [Link]; page 455

157 Arch Ophthalmol. 1996 Aug;114(8):933-7. Leibowitz HM. Intraocular pressure-raising potential of 1.0% rimexolone in patients responding to cor-ticosteroids. [Link]; page 456

158 Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1999 Feb;10(1):29-35. Rowen S. Preoperative and postoperative medications used for cataract surgery. [Link]; page 456

159 Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Jul;115(7):847-52. Schuman JS. A 1-year study of brimonidine twice daily in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. A controlled, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Chronic Brimonidine Study Group. [Link]; page 457

160 Ophthalmology. 2000 Jan;107(1):112-7. Tomlinson A. Salicylate inhibi-tion of Acanthamoeba attachment to contact lenses: a model to reduce risk of infection. [Link]; page 459

161 J Psychosom Res. 2000 Jun;48(6):589-91. Wenzel T. Psychiatric disor-ders in patients with blepharospasm - a reactive pattern? [Link]; page 460

162 Lancet. 2000 Oct 21;356(9239):1413. Hirayama M. Improvement of apraxia of eyelid opening by wearing goggles. [Link]; page 460

163 Image of vernal keratoconjunctivitis courtesy of Mr Derek M Tole FRCOphth; pemission precured by Specialist reader for all editions ; no link available; page 460

164 OCULAR ALLERGY. Esen Karamursel Akpek. [Link]; page 460

165 Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of ocular surface disorders. Au-thor: Tatlipinar S, Akpek EK. Journal: Br J Ophthalmol; 2005 Oct ; 89(10):1363-7. PubMed ID: 16170133. [Link]; page 460

166 New aspects in drug therapy of ocular allergies] Author: Maichuk IuF. Journal: Vestn Oftalmol; 2000 Sep-Oct ; 116(5):10-4. PubMed ID: 11221368 [Link]; page 461

167 Intranasal corticosteroids reduce ocular symptoms associated with al-lergic rhinitis. Author: Naclerio R. Journal: Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 2008 Feb ; 138(2):129-39. PubMed ID: 18241703. [Link]; page 461

168 Evolving paradigm in the management of allergic rhinitis-associated ocu-lar symptoms: role of intranasal corticosteroids. Journal: Curr Med Res Opin; 2008 Feb 6 ; ():. PubMed ID: 18257976. [Link]; page 461

169 A multicenter comparison of the ocular efficacy and safety of diclofenac 0.1% solution with that of ketorolac 0.5% solution in patients with acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author: Tauber J, Raizman MB, Ostrov CS, Laibovitz RA, Abelson MB, Betts JG, Koester JM, Gill D, Schaich L. Journal: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther; 1998 Apr ; 14(2):137-45. PubMed ID: 9572539. [Link]; page 461

170 Allergic eye disease mechanisms McGILL et al. Br J Ophthalmol.1998; 82: 1203-1214 [Link]; page 461

171 Evolving paradigm in the management of allergic rhinitis-associated ocu-lar symptoms: role of intranasal corticosteroids. Journal: Curr Med Res Opin; 2008 Feb 6 ; ():. PubMed ID: 18257976. [Link]; page 461

172 Safety and efficacy of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Author: Laibovitz RA, Koester J, Scha-ich L, Reaves TA. Journal: J Ocul Pharmacol Ther; 1995 Fall ; 11(3):361-8. PubMed ID: 8590268 [Link]; page 461

173 Optimal use of topical agents for allergic conjunctivitis. Author: Mösges R, Hassan HA, Wenzel MR. Journal: BioDrugs; 1997 Oct ; 8(4):250-64. PubMed ID: 18020517. [Link]; page 461

174 Topical levocabastine versus sodium cromoglycate in allergic conjuncti-vitis. Author: Odelram H, Björkstén B, af Klercker T, Rimĺs M, Kjellman NI, Blychert LO. Journal: Allergy; 1989 Aug ; 44(6):432-6. PubMed ID: 2572181. [Link]; page 461

175 Clin Exp Allergy. 1992 Oct;22(10):929-32. Leino M. Double-blind group comparative study of 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops with 2% sodium cromoglycate and placebo eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Medline abstract, N=185 [Link]; page 461

176 Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000 Mar-Apr;44(2):146-50. Rohatgi J. Phlyctenular eye disease: a reappraisal. [Link]; page 461

177 The effect of hinge position and depth plate on the rate of recovery of corneal sensation following LASIK. Author: Nassaralla BA, McLeod SD, Bo-teon JE, Nassaralla JJ. Journal: Am J Ophthalmol; 2005 Jan ; 139(1):118-24. PubMed ID: 15652836 [Link]; page 464

178 Ten-year Follow-up of Laser In Situ Keratomileusis for High Myopia. Author: Alió JL, Muftuoglu O, Ortiz D, Pérez-Santonja JJ, Artola A, Ayala MJ, Garcia MJ, de Luna GC. Journal: Am J Ophthalmol; 2008 Jan ; 145(1):55-64. PubMed ID: 17996210 [Link]; page 464

179 Five-Year Outcome of LASIK for Myopia. Journal: Ophthalmology; 2007 Sep 25 ; ():. PubMed ID: 17900692. [Link]; page 464

180 [Complications after refractive surgery abroad.] Journal: Ophthal-mologe; 2007 Sep 27 ; ():. PubMed ID: 17896110. [Link]; page 464

Web-based references relating to the disc signs in footnotes, organised by page number

The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Author: Singh D, Kennedy DH. Journal: Clin Ther; 2003 Mar ; 25(3):852-89. PubMed ID: 12852705 [Link]; page 420

Brivudin compared with famciclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster: ef-fects in acute disease and chronic pain in immunocompetent patients. A randomized, double-blind, multinational study. Author: Wassilew S. Journal: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol; 2005 Jan ; 19(1):47-55. PubMed ID: 15649191 [Link]; page 420

Amblyopia [Link]; page 422

Ahmed, H. U. BMJ 2002;324:962 ( 20 April ) A case of mistaken muscles. [Link]; page 422

Agonists and synergists [Link]; page 423

Neurophysiol Clin. 1999 Jun;29(3):255-62.Neurophysiological evaluation of areflexia in Holmes-Adie syndrome. Martinelli P [Link]; page 424

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003;74:150-153 The deep tendon and the abdominal reflexes--J P R Dick [Link]; page 424

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