Web-based references relating to the number under the disk sign
1 Image used with the kind permission of Professor Mendel Rimer, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin.
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2 The full guidelines and a poster on appropriate preoperative investigation can be downloaded from NICE at
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3 High Quality Care For All: NSR final report: 30 June 2008. Lord Darzi
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4 G Humphries 2008 WHO. Checklists save lives A WHO initiative to encourage surgeons across the world to use checklists when they operate on patients...
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5 Information provision, patient involvement, and emotional support: prospective areas for improving anesthetic care. Author: Hadjistavropoulos HD, Dobson J, Boisvert JA. Journal: Can J Anaesth; 2001 Oct ; 48(9):864-70. PubMed ID: 11606342.
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6 Improving the peri-operative experience: a multidisciplinary team approach. Author: Johns C, Summerbell L. Journal: Int J Health Care Qual Assur; 1995 ; 8(5):4-7. PubMed ID: 10144390.
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7 Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Author: Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, Kim A. Journal: Anesth Analg; 1999 Sep ; 89(3):652-8. PubMed ID: 10475299.
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8 Impact of an information booklet on patient satisfaction in anesthesia] Author: Albaladejo P, Mann C, Moine P, Panzani M, Ribeyrolles D, Lethellier P, Bernard I, Duranteau J, Benhamou D. Journal: Ann Fr Anesth Reanim; 2000 Apr ; 19(4):242-8. PubMed ID: 10836108
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9 Clinical interventions and outcomes of One-to-One midwifery practice. Author: Page L, McCourt C, Beake S, Vail A, Hewison J. Journal: J Public Health Med; 1999 Sep ; 21(3):243-8. PubMed ID: 10528949.
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10 Operating room event analysis. Author: McDonald JS, Peterson SF, Hansell J. Journal: Med Instrum; 1983 Mar-Apr ; 17(2):107-8. PubMed ID: 6855646.
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11 Lack of communication between anesthesiologists and surgeons: comparison of questionnaire survey among anesthesiologists with that among surgeons concerning pre-anesthetic evaluation of surgical patients Author: Irita K, Takahashi S. Journal: Masui; 2000 Jan ; 49(1):7-17. PubMed ID: 10689836.
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12 Guidelines on pre-operative fasting included in the guide 'Pre-operative Assessment: The Role of the Anaesthetis', published by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland (2001). Downloadable from
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13 Use of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification to assess perioperative risk in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Author: Han KR, Kim HL, Pantuck AJ, Dorey FJ, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS. Journal: Urology; 2004 May ; 63(5):841-6; discussion 846-7. PubMed ID: 15134960.
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14 Anaesthesia induction in children: a psychological evaluation of the efficiency of parents' presence. Author: Messeri A, Caprilli S, Busoni P. Journal: Paediatr Anaesth; 2004 Jul ; 14(7):551-6. PubMed ID: 15200651.
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15 A prospective, randomised trial of preoperative rectal diclofenac: are we closing the gate after the horse has gone?Author: Lyons JB, Niazi A, Lowe D, Sheehan SJ, Moriarty J.Journal: Ir J Med Sci; 2003 Jul-Sep ; 172(3):112-4. PubMed ID: 14700111.
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16 When should diclofenac be given in ambulatory surgery: preoperatively or postoperatively?Author: Norris A, Un V, Chung F, Thanamayooran S, Sandler A, Katz J.Journal: J Clin Anesth; 2001 Feb ; 13(1):11-5. PubMed ID: 11259888.
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17 Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Barry Miller, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine: 7:12; 453-455
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18 Pharmacokinetics of aprepitant after single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. Author: Majumdar AK, Howard L, Goldberg MR, Hickey L, Constanzer M, Rothenberg PL, Crumley TM, Panebianco D, Bradstreet TE, Bergman AJ, Waldman SA, Greenberg HE, Butler K, Knops A, De Lepeleire I, Michiels N, Petty KJ. Journal: J Clin Pharmacol; 2006 Mar ; 46(3):291-300. PubMed ID: 16490805.
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19 Reproduced from Postoperative nausea and vomiting: Barry Miller, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine: 7:12; 453-455 with permission. (c) Elsevier.
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20 Image of Yankauer Catheter
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21 Halothane hepatitis.Author: Neuberger J, Williams R.Journal: Dig Dis; 1988 ; 6(1):52-64. PubMed ID: 3349642.
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22 Meta-analysis of trials comparing postoperative recovery after anesthesia with sevoflurane or desflurane. Author: Macario A, Dexter F, Lubarsky D. Journal: Am J Health Syst Pharm; 2005 Jan 1 ; 62(1):63-8. PubMed ID: 15658074.
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23 New and alternative delivery concepts and techniques. Author: Baum JA. Journal: Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol; 2005 Sep ; 19(3):415-28. PubMed ID: 16013691.
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24 See
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25 'I'm a doctor and an addict' What happens next? Abbasi Y and Rele R. BMJ Career Focus 2007; 335: 163
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26 This story is also covered in Davison MHA The Evolution of Anaesthesia. Altrincham: John Sherratt and Son, 1965:127; no link available; page 619
27 Sevoflurane versus propofol for anesthetic induction: a meta-analysis. Author: Joo HS, Perks WJ. Journal: Anesth Analg; 2000 Jul ; 91(1):213-9. PubMed ID: 10866915.
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28 Possible anaphylaxis after propofol in a child with food allergy.
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29 Midazolam premedication reduces propofol dose requirements for multiple anesthetic endpoints. Author: Wilder-Smith OH, Ravussin PA, Decosterd LA, Despland PA, Bissonnette B. Journal: Can J Anaesth; 2001 May ; 48(5):439-45. PubMed ID: 11394510.
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30 Prevention of pain on injection with propofol: a quantitative systematic review. Author: Picard P, Tramèr MR. Journal: Anesth Analg; 2000 Apr ; 90(4):963-9. PubMed ID: 10735808.
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31 Influence of sedation on mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients. Ledingham IM, Watt I. Lancet; 1983 Jun 4 ; 1(8336):1270. PubMed ID: 6134053
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32 Adrenocortical suppression and other endocrine effects of etomidate. Author: Preziosi P, Vacca M. Journal: Life Sci; 1988 ; 42(5):477-89. PubMed ID: 3276997.
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33 Characteristics of anesthetic agents used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Author: Eger EI. Journal: Am J Health Syst Pharm; 2004 Oct 15 ; 61 Suppl 4():S3-10. PubMed ID: 15532143.
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34 Assessment of the efficacy of esmolol on the haemodynamic changes induced by laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation: a meta-analysis.
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35 Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia. Author: SELLICK BA. Journal: Lancet; 1961 Aug 19 ; 2():404-6. PubMed ID: 13749923.
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36 Cricoid pressure. Author: Brimacombe JR, Berry AM. Journal: Can J Anaesth; 1997 Apr ; 44(4):414-25. PubMed ID: 9104526.
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37 Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Author: Perry J, Lee J, Wells G. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003 ; (1):CD002788. PubMed ID: 12535439.
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38 Prediction of difficult tracheal intubation. Author: Iohom G, Ronayne M, Cunningham AJ. Journal: Eur J Anaesthesiol; 2003 Jan ; 20(1):31-6. PubMed ID: 12553386.
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39 AANA J. 1998 Jun;66(3):299-303. Davis D. Pediatric endotracheal tube selection: a comparison of age-based and height-based criteria.
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40 The use of the laryngeal mask airway with mechanical positive pressure ventilation. Author: Chmielewski C, Snyder-Clickett S. Journal: AANA J; 2004 Oct ; 72(5):347-51. PubMed ID: 15529730.
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41 Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway
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42 See
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43 See the guide 'Safe Sedation Practice' from the UK Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and their faculties, chaired by the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Downloadable from
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44 Anesthesia and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a review of clinical and epidemiological observations Author: Ancelin ML, De Roquefeuil G, Ritchie K. Journal: Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique; 2000 Oct ; 48(5):459-72. PubMed ID: 11084526.
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45 Ugeskr Laeger. 2001 Feb 12;163(7):929-30 (Danish). Barnung SK. [Premedication in ambulatory surgery]
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46 The influence of a dominating centre on a quantitative systematic review of granisetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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47 Meta-analysis of controlled randomized studies on droperidol for prevention of postoperative phase vomiting and nausea
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48 Comparative efficacy and safety of ondansetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis.
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49 Effects of Bispectral Index monitoring on ambulatory anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and a cost analysis. Author: Liu SS. Journal: Anesthesiology; 2004 Aug ; 101(2):311-5. PubMed ID: 15277912.
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50 Comparison of Alaris AEP index and bispectral index during propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Author: Kreuer S, Bruhn J, Larsen R, Hoepstein M, Wilhelm W. Journal: Br J Anaesth; 2003 Sep ; 91(3):336-40. PubMed ID: 12925470.
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51 The superficial cervical plexus block for postoperative pain therapy in carotid artery surgery. A prospective randomised controlled trial. Author: Messner M, Albrecht S, Lang W, Sittl R, Dinkel M. Journal: Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg; 2007 Jan ; 33(1):50-4. PubMed ID: 16962799.
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52 Paracervical block in obstetrics Author: Sleth JC. Journal: Ann Fr Anesth Reanim; 2006 Nov-Dec ; 25(11-12):1119-26. PubMed ID: 17027222.
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53 Image courtesy of Norwich Radiology Department. ; no link available; page 634
54 Image courtesy of Norwich Radiology Department ; no link available; page 634
55 Lancet. 2002 Apr 13;359(9314):1276-82. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Rigg J
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56 Neurosurg Rev. 2000 Dec;23(4):175-204; discussion 205. Reihsaus E. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients.
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57 The risk of cesarean delivery with neuraxial analgesia given early versus late in labor. Author: Wong CA, Scavone BM, Peaceman AM, McCarthy RJ, Sullivan JT, Diaz NT, Yaghmour E, Marcus RJ, Sherwani SS, Sproviero MT, Yilmaz M, Patel R, Robles C, Grouper S. Journal: N Engl J Med; 2005 Feb 17 ; 352(7):655-65. PubMed ID: 15716559.
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58 Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Author: Afolabi BB, Lesi FE, Merah NA. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2006 ; (4):CD004350. PubMed ID: 17054201.
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59 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001893. Jorgensen H. Epidural local anaesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens on postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, PONV and pain after abdominal surgery.
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60 Lancet. 2002 Apr 13;359(9314):1276-82 Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial.--Rigg JR
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61 Which muscle relaxants should be used in day surgery and when. Author: Bettelli G. Journal: Curr Opin Anaesthesiol; 2006 Dec ; 19(6):600-5. PubMed ID: 17093362.
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62 General versus regional anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Author: Urwin SC, Parker MJ, Griffiths R. Jour-nal: Br J Anaesth; 2000 Apr ; 84(4):450-5. PubMed ID: 10823094.
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63 Effects of perioperative central neuraxial analgesia on outcome after coronary artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis.
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64 Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD002765. Lee A. Effects of nonster-oidal anti-inflammatory drugs on post-operative renal function in normal adults.
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65 Improving quality of anesthesia care: opportunities for the new dec-ade. Macario A, Vasanawala A. Can J Anaesth; 2001 Jan ; 48(1):6-11. PubMed ID: 11212052
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66 Anaesth Intensive Care. 1997 Dec;25(6):679-85. Horan BF. Evidence-based medicine and anaesthesia: uneasy bedfellows?
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Web-based references relating to the disc signs in footnotes, organised by page numberElective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional venti-lation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Author: Hender-son-Smart DJ, Bhuta T, Cools F, Offringa M. Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2003 ; (4):CD000104. PubMed ID: 14583909.
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Hypoxia and surgical patients - prevention and treatment of an unneces-sary cause of morbidity and mortality. L. STRACHAN and D.W. NOBLE
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LEVOBUPIVACAINE A long acting local anaesthetic, with less cardiac and neurotoxicity
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The Oxford league table of analgesia. See
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The authors would like to thank Mr. Christopher Constant bringing this resource to their attention. See www.oup.com">[Link]; page 637
