List of Maps
List of Chronological Tables
List of Boxes
Preface: The Value of History
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER ONE: The First Civilizations
What Is History?
The Origins of Civilization
The Archaeological Record--The First Modern Humans--The Beginnings of Agriculture--A New Complexity: Some Neolithic Sites
The First Civilizations: The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age
The Bronze Age--Mesopotamian Civilization--Egypt in the Bronze Age--The Canaanites--The Hittites--The Agean--The Collapse of Bronze Age Civilization
Israel and Judah
Myth and History--The Hebrew Bible--Early Israel--The Monarchy and the Babylonian Exile--Society and Family--Religion and Law
Summary
CHAPTER TWO: Greek Civilization: Hellas and Hellenism
The Dark Age
Population Decline and Dark Age Culture--Lefkandi--Homer and Oral Poetry
The Archaic Age: Hellas and the City
Hellas--War and the City: The Rise of the
Polis--Literature and Culture in Archaic Hellas
The Classical Age: The Empire and Culture of Athens
The Persian Empire--The Persian Wars--Herodotus: The First History--Greeks and Barbarians--Democracy and Empire: Athens at Its Height--Culture in Imperial Athens--The Peloponnesian War--Athens after the War--Society in Classical Athens
The Hellenistic World
The Macedonian Conquerors--Greeks and Natives--Judaism in the Second Temple Period--Greek Culture in the Hellenistic Period
Summary
CHAPTER THREE: The Romans and Their Empire
Roman Origins
Who Were the Romans?--From Village to City--The Etruscans
Government and Society in the Early Republic
The Ruling Class--Plebeians and Patricians--Society in the Twelve Tables--Warfare and the Conquest of Italy--Conquests Overseas--Imperialism and Culture
The Late Republic: Society in Crisis
The Aristocracy--Peasants: Gracchus' Land Reform--Slaves--The Knights: Provincial Government and Corruption--Soldiers: Marius' Military Reforms and Sulla's Dictatorship--Cicero and Roman Society--Pompey and Ceasar--The First Emperor
The Empire
The Emperors--The Emperor and the City of Rome--The Army--Taxes--Roads and Cities--Law--Greek Culture in the Roman Empire
Life in the Provinces
Imperial Rule: The Example of Judaea--The Army in Roman Britain--Society in Roman Egypt
Crisis and Reform in the Third Century
Wars and Emperors--Economic Crisis--Diocletian and the Later Roman Empire
Summary
CHAPTER FOUR: Christianity and the Late Antique World
Paganism
The Rise of Christianity
The New Testament and the Gospels--Paul--Persecution and Martyrs--Bishops and Theologians
Christianity in the Later Roman Empire
The Conversion of Constantine--Heresy and Schism--Monks and Ascetics--Christianity and Social Change--Literature: St. Augustine and the Classics
The Decline of the Western Empire
Franks--Visigoths--Ostrogoths--Vandals--Barbarian Legal Codes--Justinian
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
Summary
Suggested Readings
Index
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