1. Chemical composition: a preliminary survey
1.1.
Earth's atmosphere in perspective
1.2.
Land, sea, and air
1.3.
Particles, aerosols, and clouds
1.4.
Ozone
1.5.
Cyclic processes
1.5.1.
Carbon cycle
1.5.2.
Oxygen cycle
1.5.3.
Nitrogen cycle
1.5.4.
Sulphur cycle
1.6.
Linking biosphere and atmosphere
2. Atmospheric behavior as interpreted by physics
2.1.
Pressures
2.2.
Radiative heating
2.2.1.
Solar and planetary radiation
2.2.2.
Radiation trapping: the 'greenhouse effect'
2.2.3.
Models of radiation trapping and transfer
2.2.4.
Trapping in real atmospheres
2.2.5.
Unstable greenhouses: Venus, Earth, and Mars compared
2.2.6.
Diurnal and seasonal variations
2.3.
Temperature profiles
2.3.1.
Troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere
2.3.2.
Thermosphere, exosphere, and escape
2.3.3.
Vertical transport
2.4.
Winds
2.5.
Condensation and nucleation
2.6.
Light scattering
3. Photochemistry and kinetics applied to atmospheres
3.1.
Photochemical change
3.2.
Photochemical primary processes
3.2.1.
Photodissociation and photoionization
3.2.2.
Reactions of electronically excited species
3.3.
Adiabatic processes and the correlation rules
3.4.
Chemical kinetics
3.4.1.
Bimolecular reactions
3.4.2.
Unimolecular and termolecular reactions
3.4.3.
Condensed-phase, surface, and heterogeneous reactions
3.4.4.
Liquid-phase reactions
3.4.5.
Heterogeneous reactions
3.5.
Multistep reaction schemes
3.6.
Models of atmospheric chemistry
3.6.1.
Lifetimes and transport
3.6.2.
Modelling and models
3.6.3.
Numerical models
3.6.4.
Families
4. Ozone in Earth's stratosphere
4.1.
Introduction
4.2.
Observations
4.3.
Oxygen-only chemistry
4.3.1.
Reaction scheme
4.3.2.
Chapman layers
4.3.3.
Comparison of experiment and theory
4.4.
Influence of trace constituents
4.4.1.
Catalytic cycles
4.4.2.
Null cycles, holding cycles, and reservoirs
4.4.3.
Natural source sand sinks of catalytic species
4.4.4.
Heterogeneous chemistry
4.4.5.
Summary of homogeneous chemistry
4.4.6.
Comparison of experiment and theory
4.5.
Perturbations of the stratosphere
4.5.1.
Solar proton events
4.5.2.
Solar ultraviolet irradiance
4.5.3.
Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)
4.5.4.
El Ninullo
4.5.5.
Volcanoes
4.6.
Man's impact on the stratosphere
4.6.1.
Consequences of ozone perturbation
4.6.2.
Aircraft
4.6.3.
Rockets and the space shttle
4.6.4.
Halocarbons: basic chemistry
4.6.5.
Halocarbons: loading and ozone depletion potentials
4.6.6.
Halocarbons: control, legislation, and alternatives
4.6.7.
Halocarbons: future ozone depletions
4.6.8.
Nitrous oxide (NnullO): agriculture
4.6.9.
Combined influences: gases, particles, and climate
4.7.
Polar ozone holes
4.7.1.
Discovery of abnormal depletion
4.7.2.
Special features of polar meteorology
4.7.3.
Anomalous chemical composition
4.7.4.
Polar stratospheric clouds
4.7.5.
Perturbed chemistry
4.7.6.
Origin of chlorine compounds; dynamics
4.7.7.
The Arctic stratosphere
4.7.8.
Implications of polar phenomena
4.8.
Ozone variations and trends
5. The Earth's troposphere
5.1.
Introduction
5.2.
Sources, sinks, and transport
5.2.1.
Dry and wet deposition
5.2.2.
The boundary layer
5.2.3.
Transport in the troposphere
5.3.
Oxidation and transformation
5.3.1.
Photochemical chain initiation
5.3.2.
Oxidation steps
5.3.3.
Tropospheric ozone production
5.3.4.
The importance of NOnull
5.3.5.
The reaction OH + CO
5.3.6.
The nitrate readical
5.3.7.
Reactions with ozone
5.4.
Biogenic volatile organic compounds
5.4.1.
Methane
5.4.2.
Non-methane hydrocarbons and other compounds
5.5.
Aromatic compounds
5.6.
Compounds of sulfur
5.7.
Natural halogen-containing species
5.8.
Heterogeneous processes and cloud chemistry
5.9.
Models, observations, and comparisons
5.9.1.
Tropospheric models
5.9.2.
Tropospheric measurements of trace species
5.10.
Air pollution
5.10.1.
Clean and polluted air
5.10.2.
Effects of pollution
5.10.3.
Primary and secondary pollutants
5.10.4.
Sulphur dioxide chemistry
5.10.5.
Smoke and sulphur pollution
5.10.6.
Acid rain
5.10.7.
Photochemical ozone and smog
5.10.8.
Degradation of HFCs and HCFCs
5.10.9.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
5.10.10.
Biomass burning
6. Ions in the atmosphere
6.1.
Electrical charges in the atmosphere
6.1.1.
Aurora
6.1.2.
Geomagnetic fluctuations
6.1.3.
Radio propagation
6.2.
Ion chemistry in the atmosphere
6.3.
Ionization mechanisms
6.4.
Chemistry of specific regions
6.4.1.
F-region processes
6.4.2.
E-region processes
6.4.3.
D-region positive ion chemistry
6.4.4.
D-region negative-ion chemistry
6.5.
Ions in the stratosphere and troposphere
7. The airglow
7.1.
Optical emission from planetary atmospheres
7.2.
Excitation mechanisms
7.3.
Airglow intensities and altitude profiles
7.4.
Specific emission sources
7.4.1.
Atomic and molecular oxygen
7.4.2.
Atomic sodium
7.4.3.
Hydroxyl radicals
8. Extraterrestrial atmospheres
8.1.
Introduction
8.2.
Venus
8.2.1.
Atmospheric composition
8.2.2.
Clouds
8.2.3.
Lightning
8.2.4.
Sub-cloud chemistry
8.2.5.
Stratospheric chemistry
8.3.
Mars
8.3.1.
Atmospheric structure and composition
8.3.2.
Carbon dioxide photochemistry
8.3.3.
Ionospheric chemistry
8.4.
Jupiter and Saturn
8.5.
Titan, Io, Europa, and Callisto
8.6.
Uranus, Neptune, Triton, and Pluto
8.7.
Comets
9. Evolution and change in atmospheres and climates
9.1.
Sources of atmospheric constituents
9.1.1.
Origin and development of atmospheres
9.1.2.
Interstellar clouds and their chemistry
9.2.
Noble gases and nitrogen in planetary atmospheres
9.2.1.
Inner planets
9.2.2.
Titan
9.3.
Isotopic enrichment
9.4.
Evolution of Earth's atmosphere
9.5.
Climates in the past
9.6.
Climates of the future
9.6.1.
Radiatively active gases and particles in the atmosphere
9.6.2.
Radiative forcing
9.6.3.
Feedbacks and models
9.6.4.
Detection of twentieth-century climate change
9.6.5.
Projected changes in concentrations forcing and climate
9.6.6.
Aircraft
9.6.7.
Impacts of climate change
9.6.8.
Legislation and policy
9.7.
A doomed biosphere?
Each chapter ends with a Bibliography
Index
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