The chemical and physical factors controlling the elements of life
1.
The chemical elements in biology
2.
The principles of the uptake and chemical speciation of the elements in biology
3.
Physical separations of elements: compartments and zones in biology
4.
Kinetic considerations of chemical reactions, catalysis, and control
5.
Energy in biological systems and hydrogen biochemistry
6.
The role of biological macromolecules and polymers
7.
The functional value of the chemical elements in biological systems
The roles of individual elements in biology
8.
Sodium, potassium, and chlorine osmotic control, electrolytic equilibria, and currents
9.
The biological chemistry of magnesium: phosphate metabolism
10.
Calcium: controls and triggers
11.
Zinc: Lewis acid catalysis and regulation
12.
Non-haem iron: redox reactions and controls
13.
Haen iron: coupled redox reactions
14.
Manganese: dioxygen evolution and glycosylation
15.
Copper: extracytoplasmic oxidases and matrix formation
16.
Nickel and cobalt: remnants of early life
17.
Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and chromium
18.
Phosphate, silica, and chloride: acid-base non-metals
19.
Sulphur, selenium, and the halogens: redox non-metals
20.
Integrated living systems of elements
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